Elements Of Irony In Native Son Essay

Components of Irony in Native Son Native Son paints an upsetting, unforgiving image of life inside the â€Å"Black Belt† of Chicago during the 1940s. Wright utilizes incongruity; once in a while inconspicuously and at different occasions clearly to shape the perspective on the peruser and as a foretelling component. From our underlying scene to Bigger’s demise, the strategy of incongruity utilized by Wright is successful, and destroying. Our underlying image which portends the destiny of our hero is the â€Å"huge dark rat† (5). The rodent speaks to the sentiments which Wright investigates inside Bigger. The rodent is slaughtered immediately, before it truly gets an opportunity, yet it can assault Bigger before it is annihilated. By assaulting as opposed to escaping, the rodent is gotten and obliterated, much like Bigger as the novel advances. Much like the rodent, Bigger wavers between the savage (the underlying reaction to the rodent) and the pursued (the rodent as slaughtered by Bigger). The way that the rodent is devastated by Bigger makes this scene significantly increasingly unexpected. The possibility of visual impairment saturates the novel in a few different ways. We can see the mental and passionate visual deficiency of Bigger, the visual impairment to reality by the hyper-strict Ma, and the visual deficiency to the genuine job and goals of the Communist party by both Jan and Mary. Maybe the best utilization of incongruity is the physical visual deficiency of Mrs. Dalton. Mrs. Dalton is the embodiment of visually impaired; she has delicate faculties (she sees the smell of liquor in Mary’s room, saying: â€Å"You’re dead alcoholic! You smell with bourbon! † (86)) however she can't see Bigger slaughtering her little girl. Her additional touchy hearing and absence of sight give Bigger the explanation and chance to cover Mary. However, the genuine incongruity falls into the circumstance encompassing Mr. furthermore, Mrs. Dalton’s cooperation with gatherings, for example, the NAACP. While they accept that commitments of ping pong tables to downtown youth will push, their offending foundation to Bigger, combined with Mr. Dalton’s inordinate lease charges, at last causes the passing of their little girl. Greater is the most amusing component of the whole novel. From his name, we anticipate that this character should make something out of himself, to escape from the ghettoes of Chicago and end up rich, fruitful and significant. Wright doesn't permit this. The possibility that Bigger will be pulverized is planted into his own head and into the perusers immediately. The naming of this character is a cunning gadget used by Wright, however it’s incongruity is harsh. Greater isn't amusing basically because of his name. His activities likewise speak to a kind of wiped out incongruity. Maybe the saddest, most ailing presentation of this is the assault of Bessie. While we are questionable, and it is difficult to demonstrate that Bigger assaulted Mary before executing and beheading her, by assaulting and killing Bessie, a representation of Bigger as the savage beast is made. This is significant in light of the fact that it not just shapes the perspective on people in general inside the novel, yet in addition that of the peruser. Wright changes the tone expressing: â€Å"He had done this. He had brought this about† (239). Wright appears to do this for an explanation, to delineate how simple it is for the assessment of Bigger to move, yet in addition to show what a man is equipped for when it is anticipated from him. The incongruity is that Bigger has, in actuality, destroyed himself by killing and assaulting Bessie. He accepts that by slaughtering her and hurling her body down the ventilation duct he will get away, however the exact inverse happens. Mama speaks to a strict and portending incongruity that follows her character all through Native Son. At the point when she cautions Bigger that â€Å"the hangman's tree is toward the stopping point [he] is traveling†, she is foretelling the destiny of her child before the finish of the novel (9). She advises Bigger to recognize his masculinity by executing (the rodent), which shows into his slaughtering Bessie. Through religion, in any case, we see the most clear and crushing incongruity spoke to by Ma. She endeavors to appeal to God for the spirit of her child, and gives him a wooden cross to wear around his neck. This cross, especially because of its development, seems indistinguishable from the consuming cross of the Klu Klux Klan which Bigger sees out his prison cell window. Mama has viably dismissed Bigger from Christianity always, regardless of her longing to do nothing other than spare her son’s soul. Greater winds up feeling that he â€Å"can bite the dust without a cross.. . [that he] ain’t got no spirit! † (338) Irony follows Bigger for an incredible duration, and eventually in his demise. The presentation of Boris A. Max in Native Son speaks to a change; this is the first run through Bigger has had the option to investigate a portion of his emotions, and with a white Jewish man! It is essential to take a gander at Max as a Communist and a Jew, since this makes him think according to prevalent attitude. Max can pose Bigger inquiries which are awkward, yet which make him think, which at long last make him a man. Max states: â€Å"You’re human, Bigger† (424). This is the main time that anybody truly says anything of this sort to Bigger. Greater perceives this and makes purpose of it, incidentally, as he is going to be killed. It is a troublesome and significant change which Wright utilizes now. Greater Thomas was destined from the earliest starting point of the novel. We could see this foreshadowed by the rodent, we could rapidly detect the incongruity in his name and his very being. The world wherein Bigger Thomas lived was pitiless, resolute in its annihilation. We learn early that Bigger couldn't beat his destiny, and we can see this in David Buckley. The lead prosecutor can vanquish Bigger and increase open acknowledgment by executing him. There is an unexpected bend, on the off chance that we think back to the start of the novel. We can see Bigger perusing a sign with Buckley’s picture and the trademark, â€Å"YOU CAN’T WIN! † (13). Tragically, we see this as evident, with Bigger Thomas’s passing by the novel’s end. Work Cited Wright, Richard. Local Son.

Carr and the Thesis Essay

Edward Carr starts What is History? By saying what he thinks history is not†¦by being negative. In Carr’s words, what history isn't, or ought not be, is a method of building verifiable records that are fixated on both the realities and the archives which are said to contain them. Carr accepts that by doing this the significantly significant molding intensity of the student of history will most likely be made light of. Carr proceeds to contend †in his first part this downsizing of historiography emerged in light of the fact that standard history specialists consolidated three things: initial, a basic however exceptionally solid affirmation that the best possible capacity of the antiquarian was to show the past as ‘it truly was’; second, a positivist weight on inductive strategy, where you initially get the realities and afterward reach determinations from them; and third †and this particularly in Great Britain †a prevailing empiricist method of reasoning. Together, these established for Carr a big motivator for still the ‘commonsense’ perspective on history: The exact hypothesis of information assumes a total division among subject and article. Realities, similar to detect impressions, encroach on the eyewitness from outside and are free of his cognizance. The procedure of gathering is aloof: having gotten the information, he at that point follows up on them†¦This comprises of a corpus of found out facts†¦First get your realities straight, at that point dive at your danger into the moving sands of understanding †that is a definitive intelligence of the observational, practical school of history. 2 Clearly, in any case, rational doesn’t work for Mr.Carr. For he considers this to be exactly the view one needs to dismiss. Shockingly things start to get a little muddled when Carr attempts to show the light, since while it appears he has three philosophical methods of approaching his investigations †one being epistemological and two ideological †his organizing of the epistemological over the ideological leaves a mark on the world a science unreasonably complex for appreciation to anybody other than himself. Carr’s epistemological contention expresses that not all the ‘facts of the past’ are really ‘historical realities. Besides, there are essential differentiations to be drawn between the ‘events’ of the past, the ‘facts’ of the past and the ‘historical’ realities. That ‘historical facts’ just become along these lines is by being marked so by perceived students of history. Carr builds up this contention as follows: What is a verifiable actuality? â₠¬ ¦According to the conventional view, there are sure essential realities which are the equivalent for all students of history and which structure, in a manner of speaking, the foundation of history †the reality, for instance, that the clash of Hastings was battled in 1066. Be that as it may, this view calls for two perceptions. In any case, it isn't with realities like these that the student of history is fundamentally concerned. It is no uncertainty essential to realize that the extraordinary fight was battled in 1066 and not 1065 or 1067†¦The student of history must not get these things wrong. In any case, when purposes of this sort are raised, I am helped to remember Housman’s comment that ‘accuracy is an obligation, not a virtue’. To laud a student of history for his precision resembles applauding a modeler for utilizing very much prepared timber. It is a fundamental state of his work, however not his basic capacity. It is definitely for issues of this sort the antiquarian is qualified for depend on what have been known as the ‘auxiliary sciences’ of history †paleontology, epigraphy, numismatics, order, etc. 3 Carr believes that the inclusion of such realities into a recorded record, and the hugeness which they will have comparative with other chose realities, depends not on any quality characteristic for the realities ‘in and for themselves,’ yet on the perusing of occasions the history specialist decides to give: It used to be said that realities represent themselves. This is, obviously, false. The realities talk just when the student of history approaches them: it is he who chooses to which realities to give the floor, and in what request or context†¦The just motivation behind why we are intrigued to realize that the fight was battled at Hastings in 1066 is that antiquarians view it as a significant recorded occasion. The antiquarian has chosen for his own reasons that Caesar’s intersection of that trivial stream, the Rubicon, is a reality of history, though the intersections of the Rubicon by a great many different people†¦interests no one at all†¦The student of history is [therefore] fundamentally specific. The confidence in a bad-to-the-bone of verifiable realities existing impartially and autonomously of the history specialist is an unbelievable error, yet one which it is difficult to annihilate. 4 Following on from this, Carr closes his contention with an outline of the procedure by which a slight occasion from the past is changed into a ‘historical fact’. At Stalybridge Wakes, in 1850, Carr informs us concerning a gingerbread merchant being pounded the life out of by a furious crowd; this is an all around reported and legitimate ‘fact from the past. Be that as it may, for it to turn into a ‘historical fact,’ Carr contends that it should have been taken up by students of history and embedded by them into their understandings, thus turning out to be a piece of our chronicled memory. At the end of the day finishes up Carr: Its status as a recorded reality will turn on an issue of translation. This component of understanding goes into each reality of hist ory. 5 This is the substance of Carr’s first contention and the first ‘position’ that is effectively removed after a speedy read his work. Consequently at first deducing that Carr believes that all history is simply understanding and there are actually no such things as realities. This could be an effectively misdirect end on the off chance that one stops to peruse any further. On the off chance that the understanding of Carr stops now, at that point in addition to the fact that we are left with a solid impression that his entire contention about the idea of history, and the status of authentic information, is adequately epistemological and doubtful, however we are likewise not in a decent situation to perceive any reason why. It’s not until a couple of pages past the Stalybridge model that Carr rejects that there was too suspicious a relativism of Collingwood, and starts a couple of pages after that to reestablish ‘the facts’ in a somewhat unproblematical way, which in the end drives him towards his own variant of objectivity. Carr’s other two contentions are consequently significant to follow, and not on the grounds that they are unequivocally ideological. The first of the two contentions is a splendidly sensible one, wherein Carr is against the fixation of realities, in view of the subsequent presence of mind perspective on history that transforms into an ideological articulation of progressivism. Carr’s contention runs as follows. The old style, liberal thought of progress was that people would, in practicing their opportunity in manners which took ‘account’ of the contending cases of others by one way or another and without a lot of mediation, move towards an amicability of interests bringing about a more noteworthy, more liberated concordance for all. Carr imagines that this thought was then stretched out into the contention for a kind of general scholarly free enterprise, and afterward more especially into history. For Carr, the essential thought supporting liberal historiography was that history specialists, all approaching their work in various ways however aware of the methods of others, would have the option to gather the realities and permit the ‘free-play’ of such realities, along these lines making sure about that they were in agreement with the occasions of the past which were presently honestly spoken to. As Carr puts this: The nineteenth century was, for the educated people of Western Europe, an agreeable period radiating certainty and positive thinking. The realities were all in all acceptable; and the tendency to ask and answer ungainly inquiries about them correspondingly weak†¦The liberal†¦view of history had a nearby fondness with the monetary principle of free enterprise †additionally the result of a tranquil and self-assured attitude toward the world. Let everybody continue ahead with his specific employment, and the shrouded hand would deal with the general congruity. The realities of history were themselves an exhibition of the incomparable actuality of a helpful and clearly interminable advancement towards higher things. 6 Carr’s second contention is in this way both clear and ideological. His point is that the possibility of the opportunity of the realities to represent themselves emerged from the fortuitous situation that they coincidentally spoke liberal. Obviously Carr didn't. Along these lines realizing that in the history he composed the realities must be made to talk in a manner other than liberal (I. e. in a Marxist kind of way) at that point his own understanding of making ‘the facts’, his realities, is universalized to become everyone’s experience. Antiquarians, including dissidents, need to change the ‘facts of the past’ into ‘historical facts’ by their situated intercession. Thus, Carr’s second contention against ‘commonsense’ history is ideological. So far as that is concerned, so is the third. In any case, if the second of Carr’s contentions is anything but difficult to see, his third and last one isn't. This contention needs a bit of resolving. In the initial two scrutinizes of ‘commonsense’ history, Carr has adequately contended that the realities have no ‘intrinsic’ esteem, yet that they’ve possibly picked up their ‘relative’ esteem when antiquarians put them into their records after the various realities were getting looked at. The end Carr drew is that the realities possibly talk when the antiquarian calls upon them to do as such. In any case, it was a piece of Carr’s position that dissidents had not perceived the forming intensity of the antiquarian due to the ‘cult of the fact’ and that, in light of the strength of liberal philosophy, their view had gotten judicious, not o

2019 Wait List Update - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2019 Wait List Update - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2019 Wait List Update Starting today (May 3), we will begin to finalize our decisions for students on the Wait List. I expect that all decisions will be completed sometime in the next few weeks, but I do not have an exact date. Due to the fact that our deposit numbers are very close to what we predicted for next year, we are very limited in the number of offers we are able to make. We will be making Wait List decisions in the same manner as our other admission decisions, where a decision will be displayed on the status page and an email will be sent shortly after a decision is made to alert the applicant that a status change has occurred. Admitted students have a two-week Commitment Deposit deadline from the acceptance date. We will be releasing a group of Wait List admits late this afternoon totaling 150 students, with most of these being for Fall 2019. We are not finished with the Wait List yet, but will finalize things over the next few weeks. Only students who are admitted today will receive a decisio n and an email indicating a change in their status today. In reviewing the students who we admitted off the Wait List, there were a variety of individual reasons for the offers that were made. As such, I cannot give an overarching reason for the decisions. We did take into account our earlier reviews of the files, along with a wide range of information that we had on hand. For those many strong students we will not be able to admit from the Wait List, we thank you for choosing us as one of the options for your higher education. We wish you the very best of college success. We very much appreciate your patience “waiting on the Wait List.”Please remember that there are a number of complex reasons why the University made the decisions it has, and we respectfully remind all that this blog cannot be used for comments about why you or other individuals did or did not get admitted in the Wait list process so far. We hope that our quick turn around of the Wait List situation will allow students and families to make plans on a much earlier time frame than initially projected.

The Success Of A Website - 1738 Words

Scope FlixPicks is a website that will allow users to track the movies and TV show that they watch and rate those shows. It will also facilitate discussion of shows through forums and the ability to find new shows through searching and viewing of the top things on the website. At the current point the website has the account creation along with the ability to search for movies and TV shows. From these results users are able to add things to their list and view their list. Users can set the completion status of items on their list along with their rating of those shows and sort their list based on rating and completion status. Success The major success of this project has been the achievement of our goals. One of our main goals was to†¦show more content†¦From the very beginning of the project we utilized gitlab’s task tracking to create, assign, and complete tasks. Other things that we did well were in response to some challenges that we faced, I will discuss these solutions here and talk more about the challenges that accompanied these in the next section. One of the things that we were able to do well after phase 2 was to create smaller tasks. For phase 3 we determined tasks that we thought would take a few hours or a day to complete instead of one that would take 3 or 4 days. We did this by breaking down what subcomponents existed in a task and separating those out. This process really us to reduce blocking of other team members. The second success was to redistribute team members so we had two developers on the frontend and two on the backend. This helped greatly in reducing code stoppage on t he frontend, because it allowed the server to speed up development and catch up to the frontend. We also had many technical successes in this project, many of these were accomplished through our project management successes. One of the technical success we had was utilizing react for the frontend despite not having any experience with it previously. Another area of success was with creating an interface for the client to communicate with the server, this helped to declutter the code so that the client didn’t have http requests all over the place. This success was largely dependentShow MoreRelatedOptimizing Website Success844 Words   |  3 PagesOptimizing Website Success- Be Mobile Friendly In the past year web traffic from smart phones has increased by 84%. This shift has created a need for companies to be able to communicate with their clients effectively via a new technology and has afforded some issues- tiny screens for instance. There aren’t any wrong ways to deal with this new challenge, but there are some methods that have been shown to be more effective than others. 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Thousand Cranes By Yasunari Kawabata - 1370 Words

The novel Thousand Cranes by Yasunari Kawabata exposes the emerging movement from tradition to westernization in post-war Japan. Kawabata enriches his novel with a variety of intricate relationships between children and their parents, exposing how loss of tradition begins at home. Ironically, Kawabata then depicts how even teachers of tradition manipulate it with their hate and jealousy to achieve their sinister motives, tainting the new generation’s knowledge of tradition and thus moving them away from it. The movement away from tradition allows the new generation to easily recognize and be influenced by the westernization during post-war Japan. Through parents, Chikako’s poison, and the new generation; Kawabata explores the decaying tradition of the tea ceremony, successfully exposing the shift from tradition to westernization in post-war Japan. Children observe their parents, assess them carefully, and know their parents better than parents do their children, which explains why the power parents have towards influencing their children is substantial. In the novel Kawabata exposes this power by linking the parents and their children together, revealing how as parents begin to lose their tradition, so do their children. The protagonist of the story Kikuji states that â€Å"he had never been tempted to take up the [tea ceremony] himself, however...his father had never pressed him [to]† (Kawabata 52). Kikuji directly states that because his father had never pressed him to take teaShow MoreRelatedThousand Cranes By Yasunari Kawabata1194 Words   |  5 Pagesof the biggest causes being unfulfilled desire; depending on the significance of the desire the greater the suffering. 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Review Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries as a Teacher Free Essays

| Review your role, responsibilities and boundaries as a teacher would be in terms of the teaching/training cycle. | 631 words| | Alan Marshall| | 28/01/2012 | L. Walklin (1990) â€Å"The roles and responsibilities of a teacher evolve with time and circumstance. We will write a custom essay sample on Review Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries as a Teacher or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is impossible to give a rigid definition of either as they change constantly, though there are some roles and responsibilities that are common to all teachers throughout the education system. It is hard to know where the roles and responsibilities of a teacher should stop and I feel is each teacher’s responsibility to know the boundaries. There exists a misconception that the only skill required to be a teacher is the ability to teach, but it goes far beyond this. A teacher must be multi-faceted. † It is important to identify the difference between roles, responsibilities and boundaries. In order to do this the teacher should look at the dictionary definitions. Collins Dictionaries(1999) â€Å"Role: Usual function, capacity, duty, function, job, part, position, post, task: what is his role in the organisation? † â€Å"Responsibility: A person or thing for which one is responsible. In authority, in charge, in control, accountable, answerable, duty bound. A thing which one is required to do as part of a job, role, or legal obligation† â€Å"Boundary: Something that indicates the farthest limit. A limit of something abstract, especially a subject or sphere of activity† Therefore responsibilities fit within roles and boundaries would include things such as maintaining professional relationships and taking care with communication methods (and increasingly social media use). To deal with each in order, the role of a teacher is primarily creating and facilitating opportunities for learning and will include: Schemes of work, lesson planning, finding and preparing materials, subject research. Record keeping is also an important role to ensure compliance with awarding and funding body regulation and legislation. This would include: Attendance registers, learner and teacher assessment and of course, reports. Some of the responsibilities of a teacher are: Health and safety. An example of this would be fire regulations and the pointing out of fire exits, and assembly points. Teachers are individually and collectively responsible for the safety of everyone whilst at the place of learning. Equal opportunities, promoting equality of all, regardless of age, gender and culture. Teachers need to examine their own behaviour to ensure they are not discriminatory and politically correct. Special needs. A teacher should also be aware of students with special needs and advocate conditions for their success. Continuous professional development; keeping yourself up to date in both teaching and your field of expertise. Maintaining high standards in your work and conduct, both in and out of the workplace. Complying with the rules of the organisation you are part of as well as legislation and codes of practice. The boundaries for any teaching role will include: Professional behaviour. A teachers professional values, rights, and responsibilities are more important than any sense of needing to be liked by others, needing to please others, or needing to make a good impression. As a teacher, discretion is required regarding what, where, and to whom personal information is disclosed. A teacher should both model and teach appropriate boundaries. The teaching environment such as the type of student and the subject will influence whether or not touching is appropriate. In short, the teacher is responsible for eliminating any possible misunderstanding. The teaching/training cycle is about identifying needs, planning and designing, delivering and facilitating, assessing and finally evaluating before it all starts again. Becoming a professional is an on-going process. A teacher should allow time each day for self-examination and reflection. Teachers need to continually assess their own personal behaviour, learn from their experiences, and realize that they will always be faced with unpredictable challenges. This system of continual improvement is known in industry as â€Å"Kaisen† but is equally applicable to the teaching profession. Reference List: Collins English Dictionary and Thesaurus (1999) Teaching and Learning in Further and Adult Education. L. Walklin (1990) How to cite Review Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries as a Teacher, Papers

Innovation and Technology Management Innovation in Modern Societies

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Innovation and Technology Management for Innovation in Modern Societies? Answer: Introduction: The essay deals with the invention and innovation in the technology critically analyzing the market behavior and the contention that the combination of Software/Hardware into autonomous Robots is a significant threat to the management of the organization. The last few decades show a huge number of industrial revolutions. In the late 18th century which can be considered as the first Industrial Revolution and almost 100 years later, the second Industrial Revolution caused a massive set of innovations which affected, more specifically improved the socio-economic standard of living of many people in the society. The changes brought a bunch of new economic opportunities in a large scale. The third great wave of technology invention (Oerlemans et al. 2013) as well as financial disordering caused by the advancement of information technology and communi1cation in the late 20th century with machine learning and intelligence, generally known as Robotics and artificial intelligence. The recent revolution that can be considered as the third revolution includes the big data informatics. After that, the fourth revolution includes media and informatics, which enables peoples interaction to be easier. The social media, like Twitter, Linkedin, Facebook, etc. got introduced in this era, show an excellent source of information. The fifth industrial revolution is also emerging, defined as human-technology co-evolution. These technological innovations are causing more expansion of information availability, and people can be more exposed to the world of technology(Williamson et al. 2013). However, the continuous rise in technology invention and innovation also can be considered a hidden problem. The information technology has a limited territory i.e. it cannot reach everyone in every corner of the world. Moreover, the organizations innovation new technologies face certain threats regarding the new technology and artificial intelligence every day. This paper critically evaluates the limitation and risks the organizations face after the third great wave of technology invention. Literature review and critical evaluation: This literature review is going to focus on four major concepts regarding the information technology innovation. The literature review has identified four critical factors. The first key phase is Ends and Means, easing the transition (Yoo 2013). The second primary phase is Displacement Theory, concentrating on Free Market concepts (Williamson, J.M., Lounsbury and Han 2013). The third key phase includes Replacement Theory, focusing on Marxist notions (Johnston and Marshall 2013). The last key phase discussed is Infill /Substitution, involving Labor Economic Concepts. The literature review will critically analyze and evaluate the concepts regarding how the innovation in the technology will cause a threat to the organizations. A: Ends and Means, Easing the transition: First article: According to, de Kervenoael et al. (2015), the non-institutionalized workers are a threat to the organizational management groups. The author states that the outsourced freelancing web designers and software developers are creating a trouble into the institutionalized plans and structures. The availability of internet learning, as well as online courses, is the cause of severe tension for the management of institutions. The freelancing techniques seem to be a large threat to the institutions as well as the workers associated with the systems. The change in altitude also can be considered as the factor for rising technology and innovation. For the purpose of study, the author has explored the role of social media in knowledge sharing as well. The threat occurs mainly due to the social capital theory and social education availability online. Second article: As discussed by Stahl et al. (2014), the rising innovative technology also includes ethical perspectives. This article discusses how computer ethics, innovation, and sound research affect the firm's outputs and deliverables. The discourse in computer ethics causes stress to the vast number of scholars and their personal abilities to work. As a very critical factor for the workers, this causes a huge trouble for the management section. Hacking and other technological crimes are considered to be the biggest threat. The article also includes the unethical means of revealing company's data and other relevant information that are specifically used by the enterprise only. Along with the privacy and security, misuses of scientific practices are also highly criticized in this paper. Third article: Here it is argued that innovation is a means, it is not an end in itself. Although the extent of innovation should always be prcised specifically to that point, up to which it improves and works on economic, environmental as well as the social well-being of the people. The article concludes that if innovative technology only deals with the production and manufacturing new improved goods, which are the current trend in most of the OECD countries, it may affect adversely to the environment with the emission of greenhouse gas and unsustainable growth. Unbalanced production and technology innovations cause socio-economic as well as an environmental imbalance. Therefore, the article discusses the importance of the curiosity-driven innovations and research (van den Hove et al. 2012). Fourth article: According to Davenport (2013), the main purpose of innovation in new technology is the time reduction and production of more efficient output. As discussed by the author, during 1980's and afterward, there was an enormous opportunity for applying new innovative technology affecting manufacturing process and production. The author looked in to the newly implemented procedures and then he had done several surveys of different companies. He found that technologies that were newly implemented, gave rise to the significant level of output production, but it included an extensive training process. Therefore, implementation might have taken more amount of time. Nevertheless, the importance of efficient production leads the firm to acquire innovative manufacturing process thereby affecting the company's future planning and strategies. Critical analysis: From the above discussion of the four articles, it is argued that innovative technology is a means, not an ends to itself. The work ethics, more specifically computer ethics that include privacy and secrecy of the company databases should be strictly maintained. As argued above, the non-institutionalized workers are considered as a large threat to the enterprise managements. These workers' resource is the facility of internet learning and online courses. At the same time, the process of new technology includes a broad agenda of training procedures. The companies may incur a loss due to this. Nevertheless, as the overall implementation of new technology leads to a substantial profit and thereby company growth, the innovative technology is widely accepted after 1980's. B: Displacement Theory (Free Market concepts): First article: As discussed by Adolf et al. (2013), technological unemployment affects the information technology industry. Displacement theory means the change in the labor force of a particular company due to technological change. It can also be termed as technological unemployment as well. The labor force participation rate is decreased due to the displacement of labor from one firm to other. This causes a lower rate of unemployment in a particular company and thus creates a threat to the management. Second article: Here the authors have discussed the indirect displacement of residents and the effects of this kind of movements among the industries. This paper deals with the idea of effects of indirect displacement i.e. the changes in the neighborhood gentrification, experienced by long-term residents. This includes four points of displacement typology such as cultural displacement, social displacement, political displacement and housing market displacement. The case study and analysis describes the idea of displacement theory and free market mechanisms affecting the information technology industry (Twigge-Molecey 2014). Third article: According to Sandstrom (2013), the innovation of new technology, in this case, manual calculator to electronic calculator improved the firm's profit. The company was situated in a small geographic area in Sweden, and the implementation of new technology was difficult. The application of computers by replacing laptops caused a great benefit to the firm. As a competitive market, other companies tried to adopt the same technology. But the small geographical area and free market structure i.e. free entry or exit into the market increased the competitiveness. The displacement of technological labors from other companies occurred and, therefore, the company's situation is better off. Fourth article: The article by Shapiro and Varian (2013) discusses the information economy that has faster technology and communication scopes into it dramatically. Therefore, changes in technology improve the overall economic structure. Nevertheless, in this article the authors argue that technology changes, but the economic laws do not. The management is so much inclined to look into the implementation of new production cum business process that they are unaware of changing the base, i.e. the underlying economic forces that are the primary determinant of deciding success and failure. Social and political dimensions cause a deceleration in business methods. This article argues how the economic process and laws affect the technological process and labor get displaced due to the economic principles and rules. Critical analysis: The above discussion on the articles infers that the free market concept can affect the labor force participation in any industry. The rise in innovations and adaptation of new technology attracts the industrial workers as well as the other competitive firms in the same industry. Therefore, displacement from one firm to another causes a technological unemployment in one firm. On the other hand, due to free market mechanism, other companies adopt the new technology as soon as the right is available and attracts skilled labor. The competition in the market thereby increases. At the same time, the economic laws and principles decelerate technological progress and this, in turn, causes a case of labor displacement. C: Replacement Theory (Marxist concepts): First article: The article by Forster (2016) caters a debate theoretically concerning about technology to be independent of the existing system. In the current information age, the social networking is considered as the most open innovation. However, in the capitalist system, which exploits and commodify the user in the networks, this paper researches through the Neo-Marxist view to analyze three different forms of social networking. This article argues between computer-utopians and the skeptics. A framework of capital accumulation and labor type is selected as a model. The Marxist view of capitalism is discussed concerning new technology and innovations. Second article: The article by Beverungen et al. (2015), explores the idea of social media such as Facebook, Twitter to challenge Marxist opinions and principles. This paper argues about the difference in skilled labor and conventional working system or labor force regarding requirement, productivity and efficiency. According to Marxist idealism, the structure of free labor is criticized and considered less productive. The new formation of innovative technology within the industry seeks work that is more productive and is not followed by any labor union. The concept of free labor is changed assuming the new notion of skilled labor. Therefore, the economic dimensions of Marx's theory are revised with the protocol of employing new competent and efficient labor force. Third article: According to Hornborg (2014), the technological progress can be used to truncate industrial as well as economic growth. New greater effective technology replaces the early adaptations of technology and the self-evident technological progress shows a high level of development in the economies. However, regardless of all the ideological persuasions, the self-evidence of new technology adaptation also harms the environment causing negative externality. The decreasing level of oil and such products and rising level of global warming are explicitly considered as the negative externalities. Therefore, replacement of technology, as well as replacement of Marxism, is critically described and analyzed here. The adverse effects also seem to be a threat to the organization management. Fourth article: As discussed by Webster (2014), technology and innovation involves the shape and structure of the society. The book includes the transition of women labor force with the change of technology and innovation. The author encountered changes in the business structure when new technology was adopted and applied. The women labor force got accelerated through the new process as the method is less time consuming as well as needs less effort. Also, it is easier to work with less physical effort, and, therefore, women workforce can participate to the same extent. Critical analysis: The above three articles serve three different points of view considering the same concept. Marxism can be described as a process that analyzes socio-economic condition by the ideas of Karl Marx. Marxist methodology analyzes relationships among different class and conflicts in the society by many materialists and dialectical view of economic transformation. It analyzes and criticizes the capitalist views. Marxism discusses the conflict between highly efficient mechanisms and socialized techniques of productions by the proletariat and thereby considers the concept of surplus value, named as the bourgeoisie. Here from the three articles, Marx's capitalist views contradict the new notion of innovation and skilled labor force. Also, the fourth article talks about women labor involvement. The new less abstract methods of production include more population of women in the economy. D: Infill/Substitution (Labour Economic Concepts): First article: As discussed by Karabarbounis and Neiman (2013), labor force stability is considered as a critical factor for determination of macroeconomic parameters. According to the article, the global share of employment declined during the 1980's covering a large area of many countries and many industries. The report says that the lowering of the relative price of investment goods and advancement of information technology has induced a situation where firms shifted from the labor dependence to capital. A decline in the price of investment goods roughly describes the decline in labor share even when machinery mechanisms are influencing company profits, capital accumulation with the growth of technology. The implication of this labor theory highlights the macroeconomic dynamics considering macroeconomic factors. Second article: The article refers to the "task approach" to the labor market. The challenges faced by the industry concerning allocation of "tasks" among labor and capital and also among the native resident and foreign workers are briefly discussed. The structure of labor demand and employment regarding the payment affects the efficiency of employees. The presence of canonical production function draws a scenario where the assignment of skills to task is a static phenomenon. This task approach influences the technological abilities, skills and shaping aggregate demand regarding the skills (David 2013). Third article: According to the article by Han and Mithas (2013), the outsourcing of information technology is discussed. This discussion deals with the argument of internal investment in information technology industry considering the relationship between IT outsourcing and non-IT operating costs. Studies say that these two factors are negatively correlated but it does not infer complete outsourcing of IT firms. Reports suggest that reduction of non-IT operation can be more beneficial when they are having higher skilled labor in the industry as well as high levels of complementary investment in to the firm. Outsourcing can affect the profits and efficiency of the business positively, and labor demand always persists within the economy as well as the company. Fourth article: According to Leamer and Storper (2014), the internet age has conquered the geographical, economic barriers. It argues about whether the web and communication will generate the revolution in the world economy. During the 21st century, the connection among the nations has increased due to the internet and communicative improving structures. The earlier times faced problems regarding the production of new goods in terms of raw material. However, the new technology involves a lower amount of factors of production. This, in turn, seeks efficient and skilled labor force. In the 19th century, the importance of workshop and trainings were less. However, during the late 20th century, improvement in transportation and communications give rise to the growth in production. The labor force is substituted for new skilled labor from other regions, as the information is more available. Thus, the article argues the communication technology increases skilled labor force substitution. Critical analysis: The above three articles deal with the same concept of labor market providing different aspects of the idea. The labor force is considered as a major macroeconomic variable. The major three aspects are described and analyzed as well. Firstly, the task approach relates to the allocation of tasks among the factors of production i.e. labor and capital. In the last decades, skill and efficiency did not get much importance. However, during the era of information technology, the workforce is tested regarding skill. Efficient labor force is preferred and therefore substituted. The communication technology enables the people from another region to participate in the interview processes. Therefore, management is exposed to greater amount of skilled labor and this, in turn, can be taken as a threat in disguise. Conclusion: The third great wave of innovation, as well as invention, advances the information and communication technology to a vast extent. It includes machine intelligence, social structure and advanced robotics and many more (Rutkauskas and RaÄ inskaja 2013). Information technology enables the communication of different area and different regions in the world. This, in turn, causes a presence of massive labor force participating in the IT world with no geographical territory. Therefore, a huge set of people has become the worker in the vast IT world. This causes a threat to the management companies as outsourcing, also having a positive side, shows a negative approach concerning wage rate and salary structure. People from third world country are hired. Nevertheless, they are not properly exposed into a good salary structure. The exchange rate over the world is different. One dollar in the USA equals a tremendous amount of rupee in third world countries. Therefore, skilled labor from t hird world countries is hired largely. At the same time, workers are aware of the company structure, robust infrastructure, and opportunities. Therefore, they disagree to be exploited. Thus, a substantial improvement in information technology has increased the power of people to get informed about the entire world. It also causes a threat to the company management due to the reasons discussed. Pervasive digitalization and modification have brought new disruptive changes in the global economy. At the core level, there lies a point of digitally enabled generativity. This paper argues that the experts must offer new models and insights to guide the management in generating new production structure, giving emphasis to the management's modularity. References: Adolf, M., Mast, J.L. and Stehr, N., 2013. The foundations of innovation in modern societies: the displacement of concepts and knowledgeability.Mind Society,12(1), pp.11-22. Antonelli, C., 2014.The economics of innovation, new technologies and structural change. Routledge. Beverungen, Armin, Steffen Bhm, and Chris Land. 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Journal of Economic Geography, 12(1), pp.107-126. Johnston, M.W. and Marshall, G.W., 2013. Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Kleis, L., Chwelos, P., Ramirez, R.V. and Cockburn, I., 2012. Information technology and intangible output: The impact of IT investment on innovation productivity. Information Systems Research, 23(1), pp.42-59. Leamer, E.E. and Storper, M., 2014.The economic geography of the internet age(pp. 63-93). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Oerlemans, L.A., Knoben, J. and Pretorius, M.W., 2013. Alliance portfolio diversity, radical and incremental innovation: The moderating role of technology management.Technovation,33(6), pp.234-246. Rutkauskas, A.V. and RaÄ inskaja, I., 2013, May. Integrated intelligence and knowledge, innovation and technology management, nurturing country universal sustainable development. InII à Ã…“à Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾-à Ã‚ ¿Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã… ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸: à Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹, à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ à Ã‚ ¸ Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ à Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡, 2324 à Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  2013. à Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾(pp. 205-211). 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Exploring resident experiences of indirect displacement in a neighbourhood undergoing gentrification: the case of Saint-Henri in Montreal.Canadian Journal of Urban Research,23(1), p.1. Van den Hove, Sybille, Jacqueline McGlade, Pierre Mottet, and Michael H. Depledge. "The Innovation Union: a perfect means to confused ends?."Environmental science policy16 (2012): 73-80. Venkatesh, V., Thong, J.Y. and Xu, X., 2012. Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS quarterly, 36(1), pp.157-178. Venkatesh, V., Thong, J.Y. and Xu, X., 2012. Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS quarterly, 36(1), pp.157-178. Webster, J., 2014.Shaping women's work: Gender, employment and information technology. Routledge. Williamson, J.M., Lounsbury, J.W. and Han, L.D., 2013. Key personality traits of engineers for innovation and technology development.Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,30(2), pp.157-168. Yoo, Y., 2013. The tables have turned: How can the information systems field contribute to technology and innovation management research?. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 14(5), p.227.

Alexander Calder Essasy essays

Alexander Calder Essasy essays Alexander Calder was born in Lawnton, a suburb of Philadelphia, on the date of July 22 1898. He was named Alexander after his father, Alexander Stirling Calder, and his grandfather Alexander Miline Calder. With all three of the Calder men being named Alexander, they needed something to set them apart from one another, so the youngest Alexander, developed the nickname Sandy. He got this nickname because he looked like Santa Clause with his flannel shirts on, and a clown with his big, baggy khaki pants. Sandys grandfather, Alexander Miline, was a wonderful sculptor. Philadelphias new city hall hired him in 1872 to design and model various figures. One of his best known statues that he made was one of William Penn. This statue took twenty years to complete, and the reason it took this long is because it stands thirty-seven feet high! Just to give you an idea about how big this thing is Penns nose is thirteen inches long, and his buttons are six inches in diameter. This statue weighed 60,000 pounds and had to be taken apart just to get it to the roof of the City Hall tower where it stands to this day. Sandys grandfather had six children one being Alexander Stirling Calder, Sandys father. Alexander Stirling Calder was also a great sculptor. Stirling seemed more sophisticated with his works and wanted more realism to his sculptors. However, the Calder name was still not really associated with art till Sandy came along. Sandy was the youngest of his family. He had a sister named Peggy that was two years than he was. His father, as you already know, was Alexander Stirling Calder and his mother Nanette Calder. When Sandy was three his mother and father sold their house in Lawnton and moved to an apartment in Philadelphia. When Sandy was little his mother and father often called on him to pose for them while they would sculpt. He would often pose in the nude as in the sculpture ...

Analysing The Marketing Campaign Tourism Essays

Analysing The Marketing Campaign Tourism Essays Analysing The Marketing Campaign Tourism Essay Analysing The Marketing Campaign Tourism Essay Introduction In 2008, the metropolis of Liverpool, UK was selected to be the European Capital of Culture programme among 11 metropoliss of the UK. This was a particular event that was introduced from 2005 in Europe and each twelvemonth, one metropolis in Europe would be selected to stand for the civilizations of assorted states. The event was called Liverpool 2008 or Liverpool 08 . Such an event gives the host metropolis the chance to showcase its attractive forces and civilization, besides giving local concerns the chance to increase their gross revenues and develop their concern on a long term footing. While Liverpool 08 lasted for one twelvemonth, the impacts of the event can still be felt today, and concerns see increased gross revenues even now. The event brought the people together as a community and they all worked as a squad to do the event a success. It is estimated that the entire investing in Liverpool and the environing countries was in surplus of 4 billion GBP ( Liverpool 08, 2009 ) . The consequence was that 1000s of occupations were created ; over one billion people visited the metropolis from 60 states. A figure of cultural events were conducted throughout the twelvemonth and the general feeling was that the event was a expansive success. Effective selling, close teamwork, first-class public presentations, and a metropolis that has been celebrated as a finish selling mark helped the undertaking to be a success. However, before naming the event a success, it is of import to understand the steps used to estimate the success of the event. This thesis analyses the selling run of the event, and discusses if the run worked and succeeded in run intoing the aims. Background to the Thesis With the post-9/11 onslaughts and the outgrowth of low cost bearers or LCC, Destination Marketing Organisation or DMO has become progressively popular. DMO acts as a cardinal organic structure for an country or parts, and pulls in faraway travelers from other states. A reappraisal of literature shows that Liverpool 08 and its organising commission is a DMO and finish selling activity. Kotler ( 2002 ) has identified DMO as authorities or private administrations that cover all the activities and procedures to convey together clients or purchasers and Sellerss, and places a focal point on reacting to the demands of the clients and competitory placement. The activity is a set of uninterrupted and co-ordinated stairss that create consciousness of the finish and put up an efficient web for the finish. Finishs can be continents such as Antarctica, states, big and little metropoliss, specific parts or countries in a state, a little small town, touchable and intangible services, and natural offerings available in the topographic point. Brey ( 2007 ) posits that finish selling involves utilizing touristry as a agency to an terminal instead than an terminal in itself. Reichel ( 2007 ) has pointed out that DMOs trade with varied undertakings that can include bettering and driving that image of a finish to pull visitants, supplying varied duties for different categories of clients runing from the back pack traveler who would be comfy kiping in a collapsible shelter, to a well-heeled traveler who demands a lavish suite. He speaks of increasing the sum of installations and substructure for journey, housing, F A ; B, giving local occupants and installation proprietors more rationale and support, bettering the local environment, conveying in cultural activities, taking local barriers of civilization and linguistic communication, and doing finishs more beguiling, hospitable, and a place off from place. Zupanovic ( 2007 ) argues that the activities of DMOs are of a really ambitious field and are related to the stakeholder s attitude, the complexness of the finish, and many other factors. Porter ( 1998 ) has defined competitory advantage as a place that an administration has created or occupied with mention to rivals, and it allows the house to gain higher grosss. With mention to DMOs, certain characteristics of the merchandise such as historical and tourist attractive forces, and natural scenic beauty like beaches, mountains and so on attract and pull visitants. Kotler ( 2002 ) points out that while supplying tourers with an first-class means to do their stay enjoyable, the primary ground for the DMO is to guarantee that investors and stakeholders make net incomes, and that their fiscal wagess are attained. Merely after these aims are satisfied can the DMO activity be regarded as successful. Literature Review Liverpool 08 has been actively supported by the University of Liverpool and the University of Manchester, and the pupils and module of the universities have published a figure of really good written paperss about the event. These paperss would be used as mentions for the research. Garcia ( 2009 ) notes that the benefits of Liverpool 08 have extended beyond 2008 when the event was conducted. The entire income from the programme was about 130 million GBP and this is more than that of any other European Capital of Culture or ECoC plan. There was an extra 27.7 million people sing Liverpool, the North West part, and the Merseyside in 2008, and this was 35 % of all visits. About 2.9 million visitants from Europe and other states came to Liverpool. The tendency of visitants has extended to until beyond 2010 and during 2009, Liverpool besides saw a ample flow of visitants. It was estimated that by the terminal of 2008, Liverpool was regarded as the Centre for humanistic disciplines and cultu ral personal businesss. In 2008, there were more than 70,000 humanistic disciplines and cultural activities conducted. The event has delivered four major consequences and these are: advantages and benefits to multiple stakeholders, multiple impact of civilization ; regeneration of the interior metropolis countries and the dockyards, and the handiness of a research model that can be used by other metropoliss that want to retroflex the success ( Bond, 2008 ) . It is by and large claimed by the organizers that Liverpool 08 has obtained sufficient degrees of success. Benefits in Liverpool Dockyards The Liverpool Dockyard countries have seen a great transmutation during the Liverpool 08 event. The dockyard has many sites that are a portion of the Maritime Mercantile City UNESCO World Heritage Site and the history of the dockyards go back to the early tenth century. Of particular note are constructions such as the Albert Dockyard. This site was chosen to be the locale for the FETTU exhibition. Albert Dockyard sees a figure of visitants, and it has many of import and worthwhile attractive forces such as the Tate Liverpool gallery, the New Arena and Convention Centre, Kings Waterfront, Three Graces in the North country, Wapping Dock, Birkenhead in Merseyside, and other countries ( FETTU, June 2008 ) . One of the most outstanding constructions that were built for Liverpool 08 was the Arena and Convention Centre constructed at the Kings Waterfront dock country of Liverpool. This is a futuristic convention Centre with an country of 7600 square metres, and provides 10,000 seats and an auditorium of 1350 seats. In add-on, the Centre has hotels, multi-story auto parking, eating houses, and an first-class public plaza. Before the Liverpool 08 event, these ancient dockyards had fallen into neglect and decay with all the societal ailments of old dock countries. However, the cultural festival has succeeded in transforming the countries into a rich cultural and economic hub. The best portion is that the new constructions that have been constructed and the old 1s that have been repaired would go on to convey in more and more cultural activities through the old ages ( Wilkinson Eyre, 2008 ) . Suggested Methodology As per the study by ENRS ( June 2009 ) and Bond ( October 2008 ) , there are multimodal factors and subsectors to be considered in the methodological analysis for analyzing the impacts on touristry. The impact of touristry would be felt in subsectors such as transit, adjustment, attractive forces and visits to topographic points of involvements, mediators, and tourers such as twenty-four hours tourers and full clip tourers. Considerable work has been done by the University of Liverpool pupils to measure the impact created by the event. For this research, it is proposed that the secondary method should be used. The secondary method would include a reappraisal of published studies and literature about the festivals. The findings would subsequently be triangulated with the literature reappraisal of finish selling to supply the needed decisions. Undertaking Timeline It is estimated that the undertaking would take about six months from start to complete. What follows is the undertaking timeline. How the thesis is organised There would be a figure of chapters in the thesis, with each chapter devoted to a specific event. A brief overview of thesis construction is as given below: Chapter 2: Literature Review. This chapter would set about a thorough literature reappraisal of Liverpool 08 and how the cultural event has affected the dockyard country. The chapter would besides analyze theories and illustrations of finish selling administrations and how they advertise finishs. Chapter 3: Decisions and Recommendation. The chapter would sum up the findings from the literature reappraisal to find if Liverpool 08 was successful. Some recommendations would besides be made to convey out the best patterns.

Colon Cancer & Obesity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Colon Cancer & Obesity - Research Paper Example This research paper will look into obesity and colon cancer ion relation to obesity contribution to colon cancer. The paper will then address the extent of contribution of colon cancer, prevention measures, statistics and risk factors that are closely related to it (Pendyala, Neff, Suarez-Farinas and Holt, 2011). Pathophysiology Obese people have a high chance of getting colon cancer compared to healthy individual. Research has proved that obese people has a double likely hood of getting the disease. There is a possibility that obesity exacerbates inflammations in the colon which is associated with cancer. Colon cancer starts in form of non-cancerous growth which is referred to as polyp. The individuals who have the overweight have a higher chance of developing polyps. This puts obese people at a risk of getting colon cancer. Adipose tissue dysfunction is directly related to insulin resistance. Obese individuals have insulin resistance condition where serum level increases. This lead s to aversion of hyperglycemia. The condition of being insulin resistance plays a vital role in promoting cancer growth. Another factor that may lead to obese people having cancer is reduced plasma amount of adiponectin in obesity. Obese individuals are susceptible to oxidative stress which is associated with chronic inflammation leading to tumor development (Louis, Scott, Duncan & Flint, 2007). In obese individuals, several factors lead to the prevalence of the condition. These are classified into two broad categories the mechanisms s can be universal in nature such that they are related to all types of tumors from their relation to hormonal or other abnormalities that are evident in obesity. The other type is specific. They lead to a specific tumor in a specific position. This type is related to consequential effects of obesity. The diet intake of the obese people can also lead to obesity. The typical food that is available in the developed countries is rich in calories and also t here is high consumption of alcohol (Louis, Scott, Duncan & Flint, 2007). Most of the individuals who are obese use weight reducing diets to shed weight. This involves taking diets which are very low in carbohydrates. These diets are very low in carbohydrates but have excess amount of protein which makes it possible to reduce weight faster. These diets involve removal of starch and fiber. Through the use of these diets, the obese individual affects the fermentative activity that occurs in the large intestines. Reduction of the fermentative activity in the large intestines leads to reduction of butyrate and fatty acid in the fecal short chain. The shift in the diet leads to reduction in the bacteria. These are useful bacteria that help in reducing risk of colon cancer in the body. The evidence of the importance of these bacterial puts at risk individuals who are in weight loss diets. The long term effects of using the weight reduction diets are colon cancer. Another factor that can l ead obesity to colon cancer is intake of high protein diet during weight loss exercise. As the obese people try to restrict intake of carbohydrates, they consume food that is high in protein and fat. The reason behind taking food high in protein is satiety (Renehan, Tyson, Egger, Heller and Zwahlen, 2008). Insulin resistance is another cause of obesity related cancer. Obese individuals

Prince Among Slaves Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Prince Among Slaves - Movie Review Example He later married an American born enslaved woman whom they had nine children. Abdul Rahman strongly believed in his right for freedom. During his enslavement, Rahman met an Irish ship surgeon whose life had been saved by his father when he was marooned in Africa thus making him the only white man who owed Abdul debt. The Irish’s several attempts to purchase Abdul Rahman’s freedom but the bond of slavery proved strong and Foster refused to sell the man he referred to as Prince. According to â€Å"IslamiCity† , after two more decades and 40 years of enslavement, Abdul met a local printer who had a friend in US Embassy in Morocco led to communication between the Moroccan Sultan and president John Quincy that eventually led to his freedom (Web). After the successful appeal by the president to Foster, Rahman was released to go on a condition that he goes to Africa directly without being granted rights of a free man in America. Rahman decided to work hard to get enough money to purchase his family freedom because he did not like the idea of going back to Africa immediately, which he succeeded early with his wife. He got a setback from the higher prices of his children and grandchildren, which proved too high to raise thus prompting him to give lectures and solicit for donations. He then faced President Adams whom he revealed to that he was not a Moroccan and the President refused to pay any money to assist him (â€Å"IslamiCity† Web). Nevertheless, sickness and the risk of being returned to Foster drove him to leave without his children in Africa where he further pressed for his children’s freedom but he unfortunately died barely four months after his return. Some of his children were however, purchased ultimately while others remained enslaved and to this date, Abdul Rahman legacy is alive amongst his descendants. Prince Among Slaves is a coherent story that fits together well and pays attention to the notions such as dates and the reality of enslavement which boosts the viewer’s confidence that it is true. Information received from the documentary is a true story that is received from a reliable source and the on our account there is a strong belief to believe that the account is very true. The period of enslavement actually took place in the 1770s and prince Rahman was captured as the history tells it. Professor Terry Alford found the document from Henry Clay’s that documented the life of Abdul Rahman that prompted him to write a full account of the Prince. Main character is Abdul Rahman who is an African prince that remained enslaved in America for 40 years before he regained his freedom and return to Africa. He falls from a life of power and privileges into enslavement in a foreign land where he endures unimaginable indignities but marries an enslaved woman and has children. It is interesting when he regains freedom after his royal status recognized in the very land he was enslaved. He manag es to rescue his wife and some of his children after making several attempts of buying freedom. Rahman is represented as a man who lived in extraordinary times but did extraordinary things such as purchasing his freedom and other aspects that interweave the theme of bondage and deliverance. He is

Innocent Smoothies Customer Relationship

Innocent Smoothies Customer Relationship Although the smoothies market in the UK enjoyed a period of exceptionally strong growth of more than 150% between 2005 and 2007, this has now been stalled by the impact of the recent economic recession and consumers switching their loyalty to alternative, cheaper pure fruit drinks. As well as suffering from unfavourable economic conditions, smoothie manufactures have failed to convince UK consumers that the drinks are not full of calories and are not bad for their teeth, despite strong contradictory evidence from the British Nutrition Foundation (2008). The result of all of this is that the smoothies market declined by some 36% between 2007 and 2009 (Mintel Report Sales Brochure, 2010). The smoothie market is now showing signs of a fragile recovery and Mintel forecasts that improved economic conditions, together with the increased penetration of the childrens market, will see the smoothies sector returning to growth soon (Mintel Report Sales Brochure, 2010). 1.2 Background to Innocent From its founding vision of Europes favourite little juice company, Innocent has now moved on its goal to being the earths favourite little food company by 2030. This new vision encompasses food and not just drink and demonstrates how Innocent is moving in parallel with its customers desire for a whole range of fresh and natural foodstuffs (Innocent Drinks Annual Report, 2007). The brand leader in the smoothie market, Innocent, has largely been responsible for fuelling the growth in the market and despite the general market downturn, it still commands an 80% market share. However, Innocents market share has been boosted, not just by its own performance, but also by the decision taken by PepsiCo to remove its PJs smoothie brand in early 2009 (Mintel, 2010). 2.0 The Principles and Practice of Customer Relationship Management This CRM approach to business focuses on the retention of customers and the building of relationships with those customers. The concept of customer retention, as a lower cost option than a constant cycle of customer acquisition and loss, is a discipline that organisations have understood for many years (Rosenberg and Czepiel, 1984). However, some researchers have suggested there is a lack of evidence to support the quantifiable, financial benefits of customer retention (Dowling and Uncles, 1997). The notion of both retaining customers and enhancing customer relationships, in order to make them more durable and thus more profitable, has also been advocated by academics for some years (Berry, 1983). However, the idea of customer satisfaction as a function of relationship enhancement did not gain favour amongst theorists until the early 1990s (Crosby et al., 1990; Perrien and Ricard, 1995). The term customer relationship management (CRM) to describe an all embracing customer management system was not used until the mid-1990s in the information technology industry and was later described by Ryals and Payne (p.3, 2001) as information-enabled relationship marketing. The interchangeable nature of the terms customer relationship management and relationship marketing is now generally accepted (Zablah et al, p. 116, 2003). The successful implementation of CRM practises in the grocery retail sector has been well evidenced in the case of Tesco, which is the UKs leading supermarket chain. Its clubcard customer loyalty programme was first launched in 1995 and now has over seven million members (Tesco website, 2010). The scheme delivers a range of benefits to customers who shop both at Tescos stores and at its online supermarket and it also provides valuable market intelligence on shoppers purchasing habits, which feeds back into Tescos marketing planning process (Tesco website, 2010). This enables Tesco to deliver highly targeted and personalised communications via direct marketing which serves to further enhance the relationship with its customer base. A criticism frequently levelled at customer loyalty schemes is that they are not proven to foster loyalty nor do they deliver incremental sales and profits for an organisation (Dowling and Uncles, 1997). Tesco, however, has produced ample evidence that its loyalty scheme does indeed deliver on all of these counts (Humby et al, 2007). 3.0 Innocent drinks Customer Relationship Management Strategy Innocent has largely adopted a traditional approach to its marketing relying heavily on above-the-line promotion to build equity in its brand, which has been successful, as evidenced by its huge market share. Innocent has, however, dabbled in relationship marketing techniques in the past in order to attempt to increase the loyalty of its customers and encourage them to engage with the brand more. For an example, in August 2003, Innocent created Fruitstock, which was positioned as a free festival for nice people, the nice people in this case being Innocents customers. The event included live music and food stalls (Sahlman, 2004, p.8). Innocent spent nearly one third of its annual marketing budget on the first Fruitstock and repeated the event a year later when it attracted over 80,000 people (Sahlman, 2004, p.8) Commenting on the first Fruitstock, Richard Reed, Innocent co-founder, said, This event cost about  £200,000 to put on. At this point, I cant prove that it was a good investment. From a hard numbers perspective, maybe wed have been better off hiring new salespeople. But we are doing things that are hard to quantify. From a hard numbers perspective, why waste time on labels? There are important secondary benefits to things like Fruitstock: We had customers in the VIP area having a great day with their families. Employees could come with their family and friends. Its not just about advertising-it helps with recruiting, PR, and other areas. (Sahlman, 2004, p.8) Fruitstock has since been abandoned with Innocents CRM strategy now focussed on its website and associated newsletter which is sent to over 120,000 customers. However, Marketing Director at Innocent, Charlotte Rawlins, admits Were perhaps not as sophisticated in database management as wed like to be but  we do realise the value of direct contact and are going to make our newsletters more personalised (Turner, 2008). Innocents only structured current CRM strategy is based on its family, which is basically an informal club for customers. The benefits of membership seem to be limited to the entitlement to receive a monthly electronic newsletter and the promise of invitations to special events (Innocent website, 2010). 4.0 The Marketing Audit A marketing audit is a formal and structured review of an organisations existing marketing activities and market environment. The diagram below shows the role of the marketing audit in the overall marketing process. Objectives Marketing Audit Analysis Feedback Planning Implementation Control Feedback Evaluation 4.2 PESTEL Analysis A PESTEL analysis is deployed to enable an organisation to examine the external macro-environment that it operates in, as follows (Gillespie, 2007). (P)olitical This refers to government policy in terms of the degree of intervention there is, if any, in the marketplace. In 2004 the Food Standards Agency in the UK positioned itself to tackle the obesity problem by stating that there was going to be a focus on convincing consumers to seek out healthier food options. It also demanded that the food and drinks industry supported it in this stance (Food Standards Agency, 2004). The Agency did, however, concede that the industry had already made some progress in offering consumers healthier options but urged retailers in the sector to see this as part of their corporate social responsibility and not just as a marketing strategy to gain more business. Government efforts to promote healthier eating through an increased intake of fruit and vegetables with its 5-a-day campaign has created an awareness level of 74% amongst consumers with 58% claiming that they have taken action as a direct result (Food Standards Agency, 2008). (E)conomic This includes such factors as interest rates, taxation changes, economic status and growth prospects, inflation and exchange rates. Interest rates continue to be at an all time low with correspondingly lower mortgage payments for most homeowners. However, unemployment, and the threat of unemployment, in both the private and public sectors, has reduced consumer confidence resulting in a curtailment of spending on higher priced, so called luxury items. (S)ocial This covers changes in social trends that can impact on consumer demand. The age profile of the UK population is getting older. Currently 37.9% of the UK population is aged 45 or more. By 2031 this is forecast to grow to 45.7% (Office for National Statistics, 2010). There is a definite cultural shift towards healthier eating in the UK. It is unlikely that we will ever put health before taste, but brands that manage to combine great taste with practicality as well as a positive health proposition, are in an ideal position to win full marks from the consumer'(Quick, p. 3, 2008) (T)echnological This examines how new technologies create new products and new processes. The ubiquitous internet and the rapid onward march of mobile electronic communications devices will increasingly influence the way consumers interact with, and buy, branded products. (E)nvironmental Environmental factors include the weather and climate change and how these may impact on the marketplace. Global warming and climate change are impacting on the UK. With a generally warmer climate in prospect for the future the soft drinks market (including smoothies) may stand to benefit from environmental conditions. (L)egal This covers the legal environment and framework within which the organisation and its competitors operate. There are no current legal issues that may impact on the market. 4.4 Porters Five Forces Porters Five Forces model allows an organisation to examine how its micro market operates (Porter, p.49, 1980) The Threat of New Entrants includes such issues as capital requirements; brand identity and reputation; access to distribution; expected response from existing market players. Innocent enjoys an 80% share of the UK Smoothies market so it is vulnerable to threats from new entrants. However, the newest entrant into the market and number two in terms of share, Tropicana, has made little headway despite the equity in its brand gained through its fruit juice products and despite a heavyweight promotional spend (Mintel, 2010). The Bargaining Power of Suppliers suppliers of everything from raw materials to expertise can exert pressure on a business in different ways. For example they could charge premium prices for a unique, high quality or difficult to obtain ingredient or service. Innocent sources its raw materials from thousands of farms all over the world so is not particularly vulnerable to the bargaining power of its suppliers. In fact the bargaining power tends to lie with Innocent itself. The Bargaining Power of Buyers this refers to the ability of customers to put pressure on a business to reduce its current prices and to not increase prices. This pressure can manifest itself in different ways such as consumers switching allegiance to other brands based on price sensitivity. Smoothies are sold at a premium price in the fruit juices market. The market for smoothies is very price sensitive particularly during difficult economic times when consumers are liable to seek out lower priced alternatives such as pure fruit drinks. The Threat of Substitute Products this threat relates to the propensity of consumers to switch, not necessarily just to direct competitors but also to substitute products. Substitute products, in the form of supermarket own labels, pose a significant threat to established brands in the smoothie marketplace. The leading brands, such as Innocent, are suffering from consumers switching to own label smoothie and fruit juice products, in the shorter term, due mainly to price considerations. The extent of this switch is evidenced by the fact that the large supermarkets now dominate the fruit juice drinks market with their own brands (Keynote, 2010). The growth of supermarket own label brands is having a big impact on the sale of manufacturer branded, fast-moving, consumer goods (Veloutsou et al., 2004). Supermarket own label brands are no longer just the lower quality and lower priced alternatives to manufacturer brands that they once were as, since the late 1990s, they have been offering a genuine quality option for consumers (Burt, 2000). Rivalry among Existing Businesses in the Marketplace this covers such factors as overall growth in the market sector; product differences; brand identity and reputation; the nature and diversity of competing businesses. Although the smoothies market in the UK enjoyed a period of exceptionally strong growth between 2005 and 2007, this has now been stalled by the impact of the recent economic recession and consumers switching their loyalty to alternative, cheaper pure fruit drinks (Mintel, 2010). Also, smoothies manufactures have failed to convince UK consumers that the drinks are not full of calories and are not bad for their teeth despite strong contradictory evidence from the British Nutrition Foundation (2008). 4.5 Changes in Consumer Behaviour The emergence of global brands, such as Coca-Cola and Apple, and the continuing globalisation of world markets, together with the introduction of new technologies, such as the internet, have all enabled consumers worldwide to interact more easily with the organisations from which they buy their products and services (Doole and Lowe, 2008). This, in turn, has fragmented many consumer markets and made them far more competitive than previously. Organisations have to increasingly recognise that the consumer is king in modern business and if they fail to satisfy those customers, organisations are unlikely to generate improved sales revenues and profits (Blackwell et al, p.10, 2001) Consumer behaviour patterns in the grocery retailing markets have evolved over the last twenty years and are continuing to change. For example, in the last few years government campaigns promoting healthy eating, such as the 5-a-day campaign, mean that consumers are more educated about the benefits of healthy options in their diet and are, consequently, increasingly demanding healthy food from their retailers. A quote taken from a report by Business Insights re-enforces this viewpoint: 80.6% of respondents agreed that over the next 5 years consumers will increase their uptake of functional health products, but will also continue to indulge. (Kemsley, 2006) 5.0 Proposals for Improving CRM 5.1 Intelligence gathering It has been seen that an integral part of effective CRM is customer satisfaction, which can ultimately lead to customer loyalty. However, for an organisation to truly be able to identify and satisfy the specific needs of its customers, it has to adopt one of the basic principles of market orientation namely, customer intelligence gathering (Kohli and Jaworski, 1990; Ruekert, 1992). The type of intelligence gathered should focus on customer feedback that gives the organisation insight into its market position vis-à  -vis its competitors (Ruekert, 1992). The dissemination of the intelligence throughout the organisation is as important as the gathering process (Kohli and Jaworski, 1990). Apart from its family club here is little evidence to suggest that Innocent is operating an effective customer intelligence gathering system so it needs to consider this as part of its overall CRM programme. Innocent should conduct regular focus groups and surveys of its customers and potential customers to constantly monitor customer expectations, in terms of product quality and performance. 5.2 Helping Customers to Adopt a Healthier Lifestyle The PESTEL analysis has shown that the political and social environments are very much pro healthy eating and drinking habits and, consequently, are conducive to the growth of the smoothie market. Also, the Porters Five Forces analysis has demonstrated that consumers are not convinced about the health benefits of smoothies. In addition changing consumer behaviour patterns mean that consumers are now more educated about the benefits of consuming healthy products than ever before. At present, 100% pure fruit juices and smoothies count as only one portion in terms of the criteria laid down for 5-a-day, regardless of how much of either product is consumed (Ruxton, 2008). This is in spite of the fact that research has shown that that pure fruit and vegetable juices, such as those contained in smoothies, offer comparable health benefits to those of whole fruits and vegetables, (Ruxton et al., 2006). The Porters Five Forces analysis has also shown that consumers are generally not convinced of the health benefits of smoothies. So there is an opportunity for Innocent to help its customers better understand the health benefits of smoothies and, at the same time, lobby for their support in recognising the true value of smoothies in a 5-a-day regime. If customers could be persuaded to pledge their support through, for example, signing an online petition in favour of the proper recognition of the value of each portion of smoothies then this would not only galvanise support for the case for smoothies but also raise customers awareness levels of the health benefits of smoothies. Additionally it would serve to increase customer engagement with the innocent brand. This, together with the inclusion of general healthy lifestyle advice within the Innocent family newsletter, would all work in favour of customer satisfaction with the brand and could all positively influence loyalty. 5.3 Promoting Loyalty through Customer Segmentation Changing consumer behaviour has been shown to have fragmented markets and intensified competition and the smoothies market is not immune to this trend. This is further evidenced by the Porters Five Forces analysis, which indicates that the smoothies market is facing intense competition from substitute products, in the shape of lower priced, pure fruit juices and supermarket own brand smoothies. In times of intense competition, customer loyalty programmes are often introduced in order to improve customer retention rates through the provision of rewards for customers or certain segments of customers (Bolton and Ockenfels, 2000). Although loyalty programmes have their critics research has shown that they can increase brand loyalty and profit (Caminal and Matutes 1990; Kim et al., 2001). The PESTEL analysis has also revealed that the UK population profile is forecast to shift increasingly to the over 45s. Innocent currently has little resonance with this market (Mintel, 2010) and consequently needs to engage with existing and potential customers in this age group. By targeting this market, Innocent will be able to grow its market share outside of its traditional core audience, which is the market segment in which there is the most intense competition. Innocent should, therefore, consider developing a smoothie drink especially for the over 45s, which would have a formula made up of ingredients that have specific health benefits for this particular audience. Research has shown that the over 45s are increasingly conscious of their health needs and are seeking out the so called magic foods which include berries, almonds, and ginger (Starling, 2010). Innocent could easily manufacture a smoothie for this market containing such ingredients, which are natural and would not compromise its commitment to using 100% natural ingredients. Innocent could then also segment its CRM programme by specifically addressing these customers in its direct marketing activity and it could create a special family of over 45s within its existing overall customer family. By producing a separate newsletter for this audience, with unique and relevant content and incentives, Innocent could, for the first time, start to build relationships with the over 45 age group. 6.0 Summary and Conclusions The smoothies market experienced dramatic growth up until 2007 when the impact of the worldwide economic recession brought the market to a halt. Innocent has retained its market share and continues to be the dominant player albeit in a market that has suffered from declining sales for the last three years. Innocent has achieved its dominance primarily through heavyweight promotional support for its brand. However, this strategy alone is no longer enough to sustain the business in a changed world of fragmented and globalised markets where consumers demand more from their brands. The marketplace is well set to work in Innocents favour, however, with the UK government being committed to improving the health of the nation and consumers themselves having become more educated about the benefits of a healthier lifestyle. Nonetheless, consumer scepticism about just how healthy smoothies really are is currently restricting growth of the market. Also, the ongoing tough economic situation is ca using some consumers to switch from the premium priced, manufacturer- branded drinks to more affordable supermarket own brands and to other products, such as pure fruit juice drinks, which consumers perceive as having similar health benefits. So there is a big task ahead for the Innocent brand inasmuch as it needs to persuade its customers of the true health benefits of its products. There is a precedent for the implementation of an effective CRM programme in the grocery retail sector in the shape of Tescos Clubcard. For Innocent, it is proposed that a much expanded CRM programme could help alleviate the negative effects of the current market conditions that are working against its growth objectives. These health giving benefits are probably the most important attribute that smoothies possess and Innocent, as market leader, needs to demonstrate its leadership qualities by engaging in more meaningful relationships with its customers and persuading them of the healthy nature of its products and campaigning with them for a greater recognition of this factor in the political environment. It is also important for Innocent to broaden its product appeal and establish meaningful and durable relationships with a market sector it h as failed to penetrate to date, namely the over 45s age group. Underpinning any successful CRM initiative is the gathering of customer intelligence. Innocent needs to invest in this area by conducting more research with its customers using tools such as paper based and online surveys and focus groups, in order to truly understand trends in the marketplace, the nature of its customers buying behaviour and, most importantly, how its customers relate to the Innocent brand. Only by doing this can Innocent construct and implement a CRM programme that will have resonance with its customers, and potential customers, and will, consequently, deliver an opportunity for deeper, more meaningful and mutually beneficial customer relationships.