Elements Of Irony In Native Son Essay

Components of Irony in Native Son Native Son paints an upsetting, unforgiving image of life inside the â€Å"Black Belt† of Chicago during the 1940s. Wright utilizes incongruity; once in a while inconspicuously and at different occasions clearly to shape the perspective on the peruser and as a foretelling component. From our underlying scene to Bigger’s demise, the strategy of incongruity utilized by Wright is successful, and destroying. Our underlying image which portends the destiny of our hero is the â€Å"huge dark rat† (5). The rodent speaks to the sentiments which Wright investigates inside Bigger. The rodent is slaughtered immediately, before it truly gets an opportunity, yet it can assault Bigger before it is annihilated. By assaulting as opposed to escaping, the rodent is gotten and obliterated, much like Bigger as the novel advances. Much like the rodent, Bigger wavers between the savage (the underlying reaction to the rodent) and the pursued (the rodent as slaughtered by Bigger). The way that the rodent is devastated by Bigger makes this scene significantly increasingly unexpected. The possibility of visual impairment saturates the novel in a few different ways. We can see the mental and passionate visual deficiency of Bigger, the visual impairment to reality by the hyper-strict Ma, and the visual deficiency to the genuine job and goals of the Communist party by both Jan and Mary. Maybe the best utilization of incongruity is the physical visual deficiency of Mrs. Dalton. Mrs. Dalton is the embodiment of visually impaired; she has delicate faculties (she sees the smell of liquor in Mary’s room, saying: â€Å"You’re dead alcoholic! You smell with bourbon! † (86)) however she can't see Bigger slaughtering her little girl. Her additional touchy hearing and absence of sight give Bigger the explanation and chance to cover Mary. However, the genuine incongruity falls into the circumstance encompassing Mr. furthermore, Mrs. Dalton’s cooperation with gatherings, for example, the NAACP. While they accept that commitments of ping pong tables to downtown youth will push, their offending foundation to Bigger, combined with Mr. Dalton’s inordinate lease charges, at last causes the passing of their little girl. Greater is the most amusing component of the whole novel. From his name, we anticipate that this character should make something out of himself, to escape from the ghettoes of Chicago and end up rich, fruitful and significant. Wright doesn't permit this. The possibility that Bigger will be pulverized is planted into his own head and into the perusers immediately. The naming of this character is a cunning gadget used by Wright, however it’s incongruity is harsh. Greater isn't amusing basically because of his name. His activities likewise speak to a kind of wiped out incongruity. Maybe the saddest, most ailing presentation of this is the assault of Bessie. While we are questionable, and it is difficult to demonstrate that Bigger assaulted Mary before executing and beheading her, by assaulting and killing Bessie, a representation of Bigger as the savage beast is made. This is significant in light of the fact that it not just shapes the perspective on people in general inside the novel, yet in addition that of the peruser. Wright changes the tone expressing: â€Å"He had done this. He had brought this about† (239). Wright appears to do this for an explanation, to delineate how simple it is for the assessment of Bigger to move, yet in addition to show what a man is equipped for when it is anticipated from him. The incongruity is that Bigger has, in actuality, destroyed himself by killing and assaulting Bessie. He accepts that by slaughtering her and hurling her body down the ventilation duct he will get away, however the exact inverse happens. Mama speaks to a strict and portending incongruity that follows her character all through Native Son. At the point when she cautions Bigger that â€Å"the hangman's tree is toward the stopping point [he] is traveling†, she is foretelling the destiny of her child before the finish of the novel (9). She advises Bigger to recognize his masculinity by executing (the rodent), which shows into his slaughtering Bessie. Through religion, in any case, we see the most clear and crushing incongruity spoke to by Ma. She endeavors to appeal to God for the spirit of her child, and gives him a wooden cross to wear around his neck. This cross, especially because of its development, seems indistinguishable from the consuming cross of the Klu Klux Klan which Bigger sees out his prison cell window. Mama has viably dismissed Bigger from Christianity always, regardless of her longing to do nothing other than spare her son’s soul. Greater winds up feeling that he â€Å"can bite the dust without a cross.. . [that he] ain’t got no spirit! † (338) Irony follows Bigger for an incredible duration, and eventually in his demise. The presentation of Boris A. Max in Native Son speaks to a change; this is the first run through Bigger has had the option to investigate a portion of his emotions, and with a white Jewish man! It is essential to take a gander at Max as a Communist and a Jew, since this makes him think according to prevalent attitude. Max can pose Bigger inquiries which are awkward, yet which make him think, which at long last make him a man. Max states: â€Å"You’re human, Bigger† (424). This is the main time that anybody truly says anything of this sort to Bigger. Greater perceives this and makes purpose of it, incidentally, as he is going to be killed. It is a troublesome and significant change which Wright utilizes now. Greater Thomas was destined from the earliest starting point of the novel. We could see this foreshadowed by the rodent, we could rapidly detect the incongruity in his name and his very being. The world wherein Bigger Thomas lived was pitiless, resolute in its annihilation. We learn early that Bigger couldn't beat his destiny, and we can see this in David Buckley. The lead prosecutor can vanquish Bigger and increase open acknowledgment by executing him. There is an unexpected bend, on the off chance that we think back to the start of the novel. We can see Bigger perusing a sign with Buckley’s picture and the trademark, â€Å"YOU CAN’T WIN! † (13). Tragically, we see this as evident, with Bigger Thomas’s passing by the novel’s end. Work Cited Wright, Richard. Local Son.

Carr and the Thesis Essay

Edward Carr starts What is History? By saying what he thinks history is not†¦by being negative. In Carr’s words, what history isn't, or ought not be, is a method of building verifiable records that are fixated on both the realities and the archives which are said to contain them. Carr accepts that by doing this the significantly significant molding intensity of the student of history will most likely be made light of. Carr proceeds to contend †in his first part this downsizing of historiography emerged in light of the fact that standard history specialists consolidated three things: initial, a basic however exceptionally solid affirmation that the best possible capacity of the antiquarian was to show the past as ‘it truly was’; second, a positivist weight on inductive strategy, where you initially get the realities and afterward reach determinations from them; and third †and this particularly in Great Britain †a prevailing empiricist method of reasoning. Together, these established for Carr a big motivator for still the ‘commonsense’ perspective on history: The exact hypothesis of information assumes a total division among subject and article. Realities, similar to detect impressions, encroach on the eyewitness from outside and are free of his cognizance. The procedure of gathering is aloof: having gotten the information, he at that point follows up on them†¦This comprises of a corpus of found out facts†¦First get your realities straight, at that point dive at your danger into the moving sands of understanding †that is a definitive intelligence of the observational, practical school of history. 2 Clearly, in any case, rational doesn’t work for Mr.Carr. For he considers this to be exactly the view one needs to dismiss. Shockingly things start to get a little muddled when Carr attempts to show the light, since while it appears he has three philosophical methods of approaching his investigations †one being epistemological and two ideological †his organizing of the epistemological over the ideological leaves a mark on the world a science unreasonably complex for appreciation to anybody other than himself. Carr’s epistemological contention expresses that not all the ‘facts of the past’ are really ‘historical realities. Besides, there are essential differentiations to be drawn between the ‘events’ of the past, the ‘facts’ of the past and the ‘historical’ realities. That ‘historical facts’ just become along these lines is by being marked so by perceived students of history. Carr builds up this contention as follows: What is a verifiable actuality? â₠¬ ¦According to the conventional view, there are sure essential realities which are the equivalent for all students of history and which structure, in a manner of speaking, the foundation of history †the reality, for instance, that the clash of Hastings was battled in 1066. Be that as it may, this view calls for two perceptions. In any case, it isn't with realities like these that the student of history is fundamentally concerned. It is no uncertainty essential to realize that the extraordinary fight was battled in 1066 and not 1065 or 1067†¦The student of history must not get these things wrong. In any case, when purposes of this sort are raised, I am helped to remember Housman’s comment that ‘accuracy is an obligation, not a virtue’. To laud a student of history for his precision resembles applauding a modeler for utilizing very much prepared timber. It is a fundamental state of his work, however not his basic capacity. It is definitely for issues of this sort the antiquarian is qualified for depend on what have been known as the ‘auxiliary sciences’ of history †paleontology, epigraphy, numismatics, order, etc. 3 Carr believes that the inclusion of such realities into a recorded record, and the hugeness which they will have comparative with other chose realities, depends not on any quality characteristic for the realities ‘in and for themselves,’ yet on the perusing of occasions the history specialist decides to give: It used to be said that realities represent themselves. This is, obviously, false. The realities talk just when the student of history approaches them: it is he who chooses to which realities to give the floor, and in what request or context†¦The just motivation behind why we are intrigued to realize that the fight was battled at Hastings in 1066 is that antiquarians view it as a significant recorded occasion. The antiquarian has chosen for his own reasons that Caesar’s intersection of that trivial stream, the Rubicon, is a reality of history, though the intersections of the Rubicon by a great many different people†¦interests no one at all†¦The student of history is [therefore] fundamentally specific. The confidence in a bad-to-the-bone of verifiable realities existing impartially and autonomously of the history specialist is an unbelievable error, yet one which it is difficult to annihilate. 4 Following on from this, Carr closes his contention with an outline of the procedure by which a slight occasion from the past is changed into a ‘historical fact’. At Stalybridge Wakes, in 1850, Carr informs us concerning a gingerbread merchant being pounded the life out of by a furious crowd; this is an all around reported and legitimate ‘fact from the past. Be that as it may, for it to turn into a ‘historical fact,’ Carr contends that it should have been taken up by students of history and embedded by them into their understandings, thus turning out to be a piece of our chronicled memory. At the end of the day finishes up Carr: Its status as a recorded reality will turn on an issue of translation. This component of understanding goes into each reality of hist ory. 5 This is the substance of Carr’s first contention and the first ‘position’ that is effectively removed after a speedy read his work. Consequently at first deducing that Carr believes that all history is simply understanding and there are actually no such things as realities. This could be an effectively misdirect end on the off chance that one stops to peruse any further. On the off chance that the understanding of Carr stops now, at that point in addition to the fact that we are left with a solid impression that his entire contention about the idea of history, and the status of authentic information, is adequately epistemological and doubtful, however we are likewise not in a decent situation to perceive any reason why. It’s not until a couple of pages past the Stalybridge model that Carr rejects that there was too suspicious a relativism of Collingwood, and starts a couple of pages after that to reestablish ‘the facts’ in a somewhat unproblematical way, which in the end drives him towards his own variant of objectivity. Carr’s other two contentions are consequently significant to follow, and not on the grounds that they are unequivocally ideological. The first of the two contentions is a splendidly sensible one, wherein Carr is against the fixation of realities, in view of the subsequent presence of mind perspective on history that transforms into an ideological articulation of progressivism. Carr’s contention runs as follows. The old style, liberal thought of progress was that people would, in practicing their opportunity in manners which took ‘account’ of the contending cases of others by one way or another and without a lot of mediation, move towards an amicability of interests bringing about a more noteworthy, more liberated concordance for all. Carr imagines that this thought was then stretched out into the contention for a kind of general scholarly free enterprise, and afterward more especially into history. For Carr, the essential thought supporting liberal historiography was that history specialists, all approaching their work in various ways however aware of the methods of others, would have the option to gather the realities and permit the ‘free-play’ of such realities, along these lines making sure about that they were in agreement with the occasions of the past which were presently honestly spoken to. As Carr puts this: The nineteenth century was, for the educated people of Western Europe, an agreeable period radiating certainty and positive thinking. The realities were all in all acceptable; and the tendency to ask and answer ungainly inquiries about them correspondingly weak†¦The liberal†¦view of history had a nearby fondness with the monetary principle of free enterprise †additionally the result of a tranquil and self-assured attitude toward the world. Let everybody continue ahead with his specific employment, and the shrouded hand would deal with the general congruity. The realities of history were themselves an exhibition of the incomparable actuality of a helpful and clearly interminable advancement towards higher things. 6 Carr’s second contention is in this way both clear and ideological. His point is that the possibility of the opportunity of the realities to represent themselves emerged from the fortuitous situation that they coincidentally spoke liberal. Obviously Carr didn't. Along these lines realizing that in the history he composed the realities must be made to talk in a manner other than liberal (I. e. in a Marxist kind of way) at that point his own understanding of making ‘the facts’, his realities, is universalized to become everyone’s experience. Antiquarians, including dissidents, need to change the ‘facts of the past’ into ‘historical facts’ by their situated intercession. Thus, Carr’s second contention against ‘commonsense’ history is ideological. So far as that is concerned, so is the third. In any case, if the second of Carr’s contentions is anything but difficult to see, his third and last one isn't. This contention needs a bit of resolving. In the initial two scrutinizes of ‘commonsense’ history, Carr has adequately contended that the realities have no ‘intrinsic’ esteem, yet that they’ve possibly picked up their ‘relative’ esteem when antiquarians put them into their records after the various realities were getting looked at. The end Carr drew is that the realities possibly talk when the antiquarian calls upon them to do as such. In any case, it was a piece of Carr’s position that dissidents had not perceived the forming intensity of the antiquarian due to the ‘cult of the fact’ and that, in light of the strength of liberal philosophy, their view had gotten judicious, not o

2019 Wait List Update - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2019 Wait List Update - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2019 Wait List Update Starting today (May 3), we will begin to finalize our decisions for students on the Wait List. I expect that all decisions will be completed sometime in the next few weeks, but I do not have an exact date. Due to the fact that our deposit numbers are very close to what we predicted for next year, we are very limited in the number of offers we are able to make. We will be making Wait List decisions in the same manner as our other admission decisions, where a decision will be displayed on the status page and an email will be sent shortly after a decision is made to alert the applicant that a status change has occurred. Admitted students have a two-week Commitment Deposit deadline from the acceptance date. We will be releasing a group of Wait List admits late this afternoon totaling 150 students, with most of these being for Fall 2019. We are not finished with the Wait List yet, but will finalize things over the next few weeks. Only students who are admitted today will receive a decisio n and an email indicating a change in their status today. In reviewing the students who we admitted off the Wait List, there were a variety of individual reasons for the offers that were made. As such, I cannot give an overarching reason for the decisions. We did take into account our earlier reviews of the files, along with a wide range of information that we had on hand. For those many strong students we will not be able to admit from the Wait List, we thank you for choosing us as one of the options for your higher education. We wish you the very best of college success. We very much appreciate your patience “waiting on the Wait List.”Please remember that there are a number of complex reasons why the University made the decisions it has, and we respectfully remind all that this blog cannot be used for comments about why you or other individuals did or did not get admitted in the Wait list process so far. We hope that our quick turn around of the Wait List situation will allow students and families to make plans on a much earlier time frame than initially projected.

The Success Of A Website - 1738 Words

Scope FlixPicks is a website that will allow users to track the movies and TV show that they watch and rate those shows. It will also facilitate discussion of shows through forums and the ability to find new shows through searching and viewing of the top things on the website. At the current point the website has the account creation along with the ability to search for movies and TV shows. From these results users are able to add things to their list and view their list. Users can set the completion status of items on their list along with their rating of those shows and sort their list based on rating and completion status. Success The major success of this project has been the achievement of our goals. One of our main goals was to†¦show more content†¦From the very beginning of the project we utilized gitlab’s task tracking to create, assign, and complete tasks. Other things that we did well were in response to some challenges that we faced, I will discuss these solutions here and talk more about the challenges that accompanied these in the next section. One of the things that we were able to do well after phase 2 was to create smaller tasks. For phase 3 we determined tasks that we thought would take a few hours or a day to complete instead of one that would take 3 or 4 days. We did this by breaking down what subcomponents existed in a task and separating those out. This process really us to reduce blocking of other team members. The second success was to redistribute team members so we had two developers on the frontend and two on the backend. This helped greatly in reducing code stoppage on t he frontend, because it allowed the server to speed up development and catch up to the frontend. We also had many technical successes in this project, many of these were accomplished through our project management successes. One of the technical success we had was utilizing react for the frontend despite not having any experience with it previously. Another area of success was with creating an interface for the client to communicate with the server, this helped to declutter the code so that the client didn’t have http requests all over the place. This success was largely dependentShow MoreRelatedOptimizing Website Success844 Words   |  3 PagesOptimizing Website Success- Be Mobile Friendly In the past year web traffic from smart phones has increased by 84%. This shift has created a need for companies to be able to communicate with their clients effectively via a new technology and has afforded some issues- tiny screens for instance. There aren’t any wrong ways to deal with this new challenge, but there are some methods that have been shown to be more effective than others. 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Thousand Cranes By Yasunari Kawabata - 1370 Words

The novel Thousand Cranes by Yasunari Kawabata exposes the emerging movement from tradition to westernization in post-war Japan. Kawabata enriches his novel with a variety of intricate relationships between children and their parents, exposing how loss of tradition begins at home. Ironically, Kawabata then depicts how even teachers of tradition manipulate it with their hate and jealousy to achieve their sinister motives, tainting the new generation’s knowledge of tradition and thus moving them away from it. The movement away from tradition allows the new generation to easily recognize and be influenced by the westernization during post-war Japan. Through parents, Chikako’s poison, and the new generation; Kawabata explores the decaying tradition of the tea ceremony, successfully exposing the shift from tradition to westernization in post-war Japan. Children observe their parents, assess them carefully, and know their parents better than parents do their children, which explains why the power parents have towards influencing their children is substantial. In the novel Kawabata exposes this power by linking the parents and their children together, revealing how as parents begin to lose their tradition, so do their children. The protagonist of the story Kikuji states that â€Å"he had never been tempted to take up the [tea ceremony] himself, however...his father had never pressed him [to]† (Kawabata 52). Kikuji directly states that because his father had never pressed him to take teaShow MoreRelatedThousand Cranes By Yasunari Kawabata1194 Words   |  5 Pagesof the biggest causes being unfulfilled desire; depending on the significance of the desire the greater the suffering. 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Review Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries as a Teacher Free Essays

| Review your role, responsibilities and boundaries as a teacher would be in terms of the teaching/training cycle. | 631 words| | Alan Marshall| | 28/01/2012 | L. Walklin (1990) â€Å"The roles and responsibilities of a teacher evolve with time and circumstance. We will write a custom essay sample on Review Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries as a Teacher or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is impossible to give a rigid definition of either as they change constantly, though there are some roles and responsibilities that are common to all teachers throughout the education system. It is hard to know where the roles and responsibilities of a teacher should stop and I feel is each teacher’s responsibility to know the boundaries. There exists a misconception that the only skill required to be a teacher is the ability to teach, but it goes far beyond this. A teacher must be multi-faceted. † It is important to identify the difference between roles, responsibilities and boundaries. In order to do this the teacher should look at the dictionary definitions. Collins Dictionaries(1999) â€Å"Role: Usual function, capacity, duty, function, job, part, position, post, task: what is his role in the organisation? † â€Å"Responsibility: A person or thing for which one is responsible. In authority, in charge, in control, accountable, answerable, duty bound. A thing which one is required to do as part of a job, role, or legal obligation† â€Å"Boundary: Something that indicates the farthest limit. A limit of something abstract, especially a subject or sphere of activity† Therefore responsibilities fit within roles and boundaries would include things such as maintaining professional relationships and taking care with communication methods (and increasingly social media use). To deal with each in order, the role of a teacher is primarily creating and facilitating opportunities for learning and will include: Schemes of work, lesson planning, finding and preparing materials, subject research. Record keeping is also an important role to ensure compliance with awarding and funding body regulation and legislation. This would include: Attendance registers, learner and teacher assessment and of course, reports. Some of the responsibilities of a teacher are: Health and safety. An example of this would be fire regulations and the pointing out of fire exits, and assembly points. Teachers are individually and collectively responsible for the safety of everyone whilst at the place of learning. Equal opportunities, promoting equality of all, regardless of age, gender and culture. Teachers need to examine their own behaviour to ensure they are not discriminatory and politically correct. Special needs. A teacher should also be aware of students with special needs and advocate conditions for their success. Continuous professional development; keeping yourself up to date in both teaching and your field of expertise. Maintaining high standards in your work and conduct, both in and out of the workplace. Complying with the rules of the organisation you are part of as well as legislation and codes of practice. The boundaries for any teaching role will include: Professional behaviour. A teachers professional values, rights, and responsibilities are more important than any sense of needing to be liked by others, needing to please others, or needing to make a good impression. As a teacher, discretion is required regarding what, where, and to whom personal information is disclosed. A teacher should both model and teach appropriate boundaries. The teaching environment such as the type of student and the subject will influence whether or not touching is appropriate. In short, the teacher is responsible for eliminating any possible misunderstanding. The teaching/training cycle is about identifying needs, planning and designing, delivering and facilitating, assessing and finally evaluating before it all starts again. Becoming a professional is an on-going process. A teacher should allow time each day for self-examination and reflection. Teachers need to continually assess their own personal behaviour, learn from their experiences, and realize that they will always be faced with unpredictable challenges. This system of continual improvement is known in industry as â€Å"Kaisen† but is equally applicable to the teaching profession. Reference List: Collins English Dictionary and Thesaurus (1999) Teaching and Learning in Further and Adult Education. L. Walklin (1990) How to cite Review Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries as a Teacher, Papers

Innovation and Technology Management Innovation in Modern Societies

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Innovation and Technology Management for Innovation in Modern Societies? Answer: Introduction: The essay deals with the invention and innovation in the technology critically analyzing the market behavior and the contention that the combination of Software/Hardware into autonomous Robots is a significant threat to the management of the organization. The last few decades show a huge number of industrial revolutions. In the late 18th century which can be considered as the first Industrial Revolution and almost 100 years later, the second Industrial Revolution caused a massive set of innovations which affected, more specifically improved the socio-economic standard of living of many people in the society. The changes brought a bunch of new economic opportunities in a large scale. The third great wave of technology invention (Oerlemans et al. 2013) as well as financial disordering caused by the advancement of information technology and communi1cation in the late 20th century with machine learning and intelligence, generally known as Robotics and artificial intelligence. The recent revolution that can be considered as the third revolution includes the big data informatics. After that, the fourth revolution includes media and informatics, which enables peoples interaction to be easier. The social media, like Twitter, Linkedin, Facebook, etc. got introduced in this era, show an excellent source of information. The fifth industrial revolution is also emerging, defined as human-technology co-evolution. These technological innovations are causing more expansion of information availability, and people can be more exposed to the world of technology(Williamson et al. 2013). However, the continuous rise in technology invention and innovation also can be considered a hidden problem. The information technology has a limited territory i.e. it cannot reach everyone in every corner of the world. Moreover, the organizations innovation new technologies face certain threats regarding the new technology and artificial intelligence every day. This paper critically evaluates the limitation and risks the organizations face after the third great wave of technology invention. Literature review and critical evaluation: This literature review is going to focus on four major concepts regarding the information technology innovation. The literature review has identified four critical factors. The first key phase is Ends and Means, easing the transition (Yoo 2013). The second primary phase is Displacement Theory, concentrating on Free Market concepts (Williamson, J.M., Lounsbury and Han 2013). The third key phase includes Replacement Theory, focusing on Marxist notions (Johnston and Marshall 2013). The last key phase discussed is Infill /Substitution, involving Labor Economic Concepts. The literature review will critically analyze and evaluate the concepts regarding how the innovation in the technology will cause a threat to the organizations. A: Ends and Means, Easing the transition: First article: According to, de Kervenoael et al. (2015), the non-institutionalized workers are a threat to the organizational management groups. The author states that the outsourced freelancing web designers and software developers are creating a trouble into the institutionalized plans and structures. The availability of internet learning, as well as online courses, is the cause of severe tension for the management of institutions. The freelancing techniques seem to be a large threat to the institutions as well as the workers associated with the systems. The change in altitude also can be considered as the factor for rising technology and innovation. For the purpose of study, the author has explored the role of social media in knowledge sharing as well. The threat occurs mainly due to the social capital theory and social education availability online. Second article: As discussed by Stahl et al. (2014), the rising innovative technology also includes ethical perspectives. This article discusses how computer ethics, innovation, and sound research affect the firm's outputs and deliverables. The discourse in computer ethics causes stress to the vast number of scholars and their personal abilities to work. As a very critical factor for the workers, this causes a huge trouble for the management section. Hacking and other technological crimes are considered to be the biggest threat. The article also includes the unethical means of revealing company's data and other relevant information that are specifically used by the enterprise only. Along with the privacy and security, misuses of scientific practices are also highly criticized in this paper. Third article: Here it is argued that innovation is a means, it is not an end in itself. Although the extent of innovation should always be prcised specifically to that point, up to which it improves and works on economic, environmental as well as the social well-being of the people. The article concludes that if innovative technology only deals with the production and manufacturing new improved goods, which are the current trend in most of the OECD countries, it may affect adversely to the environment with the emission of greenhouse gas and unsustainable growth. Unbalanced production and technology innovations cause socio-economic as well as an environmental imbalance. Therefore, the article discusses the importance of the curiosity-driven innovations and research (van den Hove et al. 2012). Fourth article: According to Davenport (2013), the main purpose of innovation in new technology is the time reduction and production of more efficient output. As discussed by the author, during 1980's and afterward, there was an enormous opportunity for applying new innovative technology affecting manufacturing process and production. The author looked in to the newly implemented procedures and then he had done several surveys of different companies. He found that technologies that were newly implemented, gave rise to the significant level of output production, but it included an extensive training process. Therefore, implementation might have taken more amount of time. Nevertheless, the importance of efficient production leads the firm to acquire innovative manufacturing process thereby affecting the company's future planning and strategies. Critical analysis: From the above discussion of the four articles, it is argued that innovative technology is a means, not an ends to itself. The work ethics, more specifically computer ethics that include privacy and secrecy of the company databases should be strictly maintained. As argued above, the non-institutionalized workers are considered as a large threat to the enterprise managements. These workers' resource is the facility of internet learning and online courses. At the same time, the process of new technology includes a broad agenda of training procedures. The companies may incur a loss due to this. Nevertheless, as the overall implementation of new technology leads to a substantial profit and thereby company growth, the innovative technology is widely accepted after 1980's. B: Displacement Theory (Free Market concepts): First article: As discussed by Adolf et al. (2013), technological unemployment affects the information technology industry. Displacement theory means the change in the labor force of a particular company due to technological change. It can also be termed as technological unemployment as well. The labor force participation rate is decreased due to the displacement of labor from one firm to other. This causes a lower rate of unemployment in a particular company and thus creates a threat to the management. Second article: Here the authors have discussed the indirect displacement of residents and the effects of this kind of movements among the industries. This paper deals with the idea of effects of indirect displacement i.e. the changes in the neighborhood gentrification, experienced by long-term residents. This includes four points of displacement typology such as cultural displacement, social displacement, political displacement and housing market displacement. The case study and analysis describes the idea of displacement theory and free market mechanisms affecting the information technology industry (Twigge-Molecey 2014). Third article: According to Sandstrom (2013), the innovation of new technology, in this case, manual calculator to electronic calculator improved the firm's profit. The company was situated in a small geographic area in Sweden, and the implementation of new technology was difficult. The application of computers by replacing laptops caused a great benefit to the firm. As a competitive market, other companies tried to adopt the same technology. But the small geographical area and free market structure i.e. free entry or exit into the market increased the competitiveness. The displacement of technological labors from other companies occurred and, therefore, the company's situation is better off. Fourth article: The article by Shapiro and Varian (2013) discusses the information economy that has faster technology and communication scopes into it dramatically. Therefore, changes in technology improve the overall economic structure. Nevertheless, in this article the authors argue that technology changes, but the economic laws do not. The management is so much inclined to look into the implementation of new production cum business process that they are unaware of changing the base, i.e. the underlying economic forces that are the primary determinant of deciding success and failure. Social and political dimensions cause a deceleration in business methods. This article argues how the economic process and laws affect the technological process and labor get displaced due to the economic principles and rules. Critical analysis: The above discussion on the articles infers that the free market concept can affect the labor force participation in any industry. The rise in innovations and adaptation of new technology attracts the industrial workers as well as the other competitive firms in the same industry. Therefore, displacement from one firm to another causes a technological unemployment in one firm. On the other hand, due to free market mechanism, other companies adopt the new technology as soon as the right is available and attracts skilled labor. The competition in the market thereby increases. At the same time, the economic laws and principles decelerate technological progress and this, in turn, causes a case of labor displacement. C: Replacement Theory (Marxist concepts): First article: The article by Forster (2016) caters a debate theoretically concerning about technology to be independent of the existing system. In the current information age, the social networking is considered as the most open innovation. However, in the capitalist system, which exploits and commodify the user in the networks, this paper researches through the Neo-Marxist view to analyze three different forms of social networking. This article argues between computer-utopians and the skeptics. A framework of capital accumulation and labor type is selected as a model. The Marxist view of capitalism is discussed concerning new technology and innovations. Second article: The article by Beverungen et al. (2015), explores the idea of social media such as Facebook, Twitter to challenge Marxist opinions and principles. This paper argues about the difference in skilled labor and conventional working system or labor force regarding requirement, productivity and efficiency. According to Marxist idealism, the structure of free labor is criticized and considered less productive. The new formation of innovative technology within the industry seeks work that is more productive and is not followed by any labor union. The concept of free labor is changed assuming the new notion of skilled labor. Therefore, the economic dimensions of Marx's theory are revised with the protocol of employing new competent and efficient labor force. Third article: According to Hornborg (2014), the technological progress can be used to truncate industrial as well as economic growth. New greater effective technology replaces the early adaptations of technology and the self-evident technological progress shows a high level of development in the economies. However, regardless of all the ideological persuasions, the self-evidence of new technology adaptation also harms the environment causing negative externality. The decreasing level of oil and such products and rising level of global warming are explicitly considered as the negative externalities. Therefore, replacement of technology, as well as replacement of Marxism, is critically described and analyzed here. The adverse effects also seem to be a threat to the organization management. Fourth article: As discussed by Webster (2014), technology and innovation involves the shape and structure of the society. The book includes the transition of women labor force with the change of technology and innovation. The author encountered changes in the business structure when new technology was adopted and applied. The women labor force got accelerated through the new process as the method is less time consuming as well as needs less effort. Also, it is easier to work with less physical effort, and, therefore, women workforce can participate to the same extent. Critical analysis: The above three articles serve three different points of view considering the same concept. Marxism can be described as a process that analyzes socio-economic condition by the ideas of Karl Marx. Marxist methodology analyzes relationships among different class and conflicts in the society by many materialists and dialectical view of economic transformation. It analyzes and criticizes the capitalist views. Marxism discusses the conflict between highly efficient mechanisms and socialized techniques of productions by the proletariat and thereby considers the concept of surplus value, named as the bourgeoisie. Here from the three articles, Marx's capitalist views contradict the new notion of innovation and skilled labor force. Also, the fourth article talks about women labor involvement. The new less abstract methods of production include more population of women in the economy. D: Infill/Substitution (Labour Economic Concepts): First article: As discussed by Karabarbounis and Neiman (2013), labor force stability is considered as a critical factor for determination of macroeconomic parameters. According to the article, the global share of employment declined during the 1980's covering a large area of many countries and many industries. The report says that the lowering of the relative price of investment goods and advancement of information technology has induced a situation where firms shifted from the labor dependence to capital. A decline in the price of investment goods roughly describes the decline in labor share even when machinery mechanisms are influencing company profits, capital accumulation with the growth of technology. The implication of this labor theory highlights the macroeconomic dynamics considering macroeconomic factors. Second article: The article refers to the "task approach" to the labor market. The challenges faced by the industry concerning allocation of "tasks" among labor and capital and also among the native resident and foreign workers are briefly discussed. The structure of labor demand and employment regarding the payment affects the efficiency of employees. The presence of canonical production function draws a scenario where the assignment of skills to task is a static phenomenon. This task approach influences the technological abilities, skills and shaping aggregate demand regarding the skills (David 2013). Third article: According to the article by Han and Mithas (2013), the outsourcing of information technology is discussed. This discussion deals with the argument of internal investment in information technology industry considering the relationship between IT outsourcing and non-IT operating costs. Studies say that these two factors are negatively correlated but it does not infer complete outsourcing of IT firms. Reports suggest that reduction of non-IT operation can be more beneficial when they are having higher skilled labor in the industry as well as high levels of complementary investment in to the firm. Outsourcing can affect the profits and efficiency of the business positively, and labor demand always persists within the economy as well as the company. Fourth article: According to Leamer and Storper (2014), the internet age has conquered the geographical, economic barriers. It argues about whether the web and communication will generate the revolution in the world economy. During the 21st century, the connection among the nations has increased due to the internet and communicative improving structures. The earlier times faced problems regarding the production of new goods in terms of raw material. However, the new technology involves a lower amount of factors of production. This, in turn, seeks efficient and skilled labor force. In the 19th century, the importance of workshop and trainings were less. However, during the late 20th century, improvement in transportation and communications give rise to the growth in production. The labor force is substituted for new skilled labor from other regions, as the information is more available. Thus, the article argues the communication technology increases skilled labor force substitution. Critical analysis: The above three articles deal with the same concept of labor market providing different aspects of the idea. The labor force is considered as a major macroeconomic variable. The major three aspects are described and analyzed as well. Firstly, the task approach relates to the allocation of tasks among the factors of production i.e. labor and capital. In the last decades, skill and efficiency did not get much importance. However, during the era of information technology, the workforce is tested regarding skill. Efficient labor force is preferred and therefore substituted. The communication technology enables the people from another region to participate in the interview processes. Therefore, management is exposed to greater amount of skilled labor and this, in turn, can be taken as a threat in disguise. Conclusion: The third great wave of innovation, as well as invention, advances the information and communication technology to a vast extent. It includes machine intelligence, social structure and advanced robotics and many more (Rutkauskas and RaÄ inskaja 2013). Information technology enables the communication of different area and different regions in the world. This, in turn, causes a presence of massive labor force participating in the IT world with no geographical territory. Therefore, a huge set of people has become the worker in the vast IT world. This causes a threat to the management companies as outsourcing, also having a positive side, shows a negative approach concerning wage rate and salary structure. People from third world country are hired. Nevertheless, they are not properly exposed into a good salary structure. The exchange rate over the world is different. One dollar in the USA equals a tremendous amount of rupee in third world countries. Therefore, skilled labor from t hird world countries is hired largely. At the same time, workers are aware of the company structure, robust infrastructure, and opportunities. Therefore, they disagree to be exploited. 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